Intestinal tuberculosis with small bowel stricture and hemorrhage as the predominant manifestation: Three case reports

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Intestinal tuberculosis is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the ileum and cecum. Small bowel tuberculosis, characterized by predominant involvement of the small intestine, is an extremely rare condition with highly atypical clinical presentations, making diagnosis even more challenging.

CASE SUMMARY

We report three cases of small intestinal tuberculosis, two of the patients presented primarily with abdominal pain, and one presented with gastrointestinal bleeding. All patients underwent blood tests and imaging examinations. Small bowel endoscopy (SBE) revealed that the main lesions in these patients were intestinal stenosis or gastrointestinal bleeding caused by small intestinal ulcers. One patient ultimately underwent surgical treatment. Following a complex diagnostic process and comprehensive analysis, all patients were confirmed to have small intestinal tuberculosis and received standard antituberculosis treatment, leading to an improvement in their condition.

CONCLUSION

Patients with SBTs present with nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and occasional gastrointestinal bleeding. Accurate diagnosis requires a thorough evaluation of clinical symptoms and various tests to avoid misdiagnosis and complications.

Key Words: Intestinal tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Small bowel endoscopy, Case report

Core Tip: Intestinal tuberculosis is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the ileum and cecum. Small bowel tuberculosis (SBT) is rare. We report three cases in which patients with SBTs presented with intestinal stenosis or bleeding. Following a complex diagnostic process involving procedures such as small bowel endoscopy and even surgical intervention, all patients were definitively diagnosed and received standard antituberculosis treatment. SBT manifests primarily with nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and occasional gastrointestinal bleeding. A comprehensive evaluation of clinical symptoms and various examinations including laboratory tests, endoscopy, and pathology, are essential for obtaining an accurate diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease with diverse clinical presentations and can affect various systems of the body, such as the lungs, bones, lymphatic system, and intestines[1]. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a gram-positive bacterium with high treatment resistance. Although existing drugs can effectively control this disease, tuberculosis still has high contagiousness and fatality rates globally[1-5]. Intestinal tuberculosis accounts for 1%-3% of all tuberculosis cases, and the intestine is not a commonly affected site of tuberculosis[6]. As a result, this issue has long been overlooked. The terminal ileum and cecum are common areas of involvement due to their rich lymphatic tissue, stagnant intestinal contents, and limited digestive activity[7]. However, intestinal tuberculosis predominantly affecting the small intestine is very rare.

This case series aims to help clinicians understand the rare situation of intestinal tuberculosis with primary clinical manifestations of small intestinal bleeding or stenosis.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

Case 1: A 49-year-old male patient presented with persistent complaint of melena for the previous 20 d.

Case 2: A 23-year-old female patient presented with recurrent abdominal pain over a span of 5 months.

Case 3: A 63-year-old female patient presented with recurrent abdominal pain that persisted for 2 years.

History of present illness

Case 1: The patient reported three episodes of melena over the last 20 d, amounting to approximately 300 mL. No obvious precipitating factors were identified, with the patient denying significant abdominal pain or bloating, as well as symptoms of dizziness or palpitations. Upon the patient’s presentation to a local hospital, the patient's hemoglobin level was measured at 134 g/L, while computed tomography (CT) scans revealed slight thickening of the colonic wall in the ascending colon. However, both colonoscopy and gastroscopy examinations conducted at that time failed to identify any sites of bleeding.

Case 2: The patient suffered from intermittent abdominal pain of unclear origin, primarily around the umbilicus, over the previous 5 months. The associated symptoms included decreased appetite, weight loss, and fatigue, but no fever. The patient had an average of two well-formed bowel movements per day, without mucus or bloody discharge on the stool surface. One month prior, the patient sought medical attention at a local hospital. Laboratory tests indicated a hemoglobin level of 84 g/L. The chest CT scans were normal, and colonoscopy demonstrated segmental ulcers at the terminal ileum and sigmoid colon, suggestive of Crohn's disease based on pathological findings. The patient received oral glutamine, probiotics, and sulfasalazine for treatment. However, one week prior to the patient’s current presentation, her abdominal pain significantly worsened, and her bowel movements increased to 5 times per day.

Case 3: Two years prior, this patient initially presented with recurrent paroxysmal epigastric pain without any clear etiology. These episodes occurred once every 1-2 months and lasted for 4-6 d each. A previous gastrointestinal endoscopy conducted at an external hospital failed to yield any definitive findings. The patient experienced multiple episodes of abdominal pain and sought medical attention at multiple sites. Positron emission (PET)/CT performed three months previously revealed thickening of the intestinal wall in the segment of the small intestine, accompanied by increased fluorodeoxyglucose metabolism. Additionally, multiple hypermetabolic lymph nodes were observed in the perilesional area, left pulmonary hilum, and mediastinum. Subsequently, a mediastinal lymph node biopsy was performed, and the pathological examination suggested a high possibility of tuberculosis infection.

History of past illness

Case 1: The patient had pulmonary tuberculosis during childhood, which was successfully treated. At the age of 24, the patient developed cervical lymph node tuberculosis and underwent surgical removal of the infected lymph nodes.

Case 2: The patient did not report any significant medical conditions.

Case 3: The patient did not report notable illnesses or conditions.

Personal and family history

The personal and family histories of these patients were unremarkable.

Physical examination

Case 1: The patient had a body mass index (BMI) of 19.42 kg/m² and displayed pallor of the skin and conjunctiva, with no apparent positive chest or abdominal signs.

Case 2: The patient had a BMI of 18.22 kg/m² and had pale conjunctiva and nail beds. Physical examination of the chest and abdomen revealed no specific positive signs.

Case 3: The patient had a BMI of 19.53 kg/m² and no apparent positive chest or abdominal signs.

Laboratory examinations

Case 1: Routine blood analysis revealed a hemoglobin level of 106 g/L, with positive fecal occult blood test results. The blood biochemistry and tumor marker levels were found to be within the normal range.

Case 2: The patient's complete blood count showed a hemoglobin level of 101 g/L. Blood biochemistry tests revealed a low albumin level of 20 g/L, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 25 mm/h, and a C-reactive protein level of 113 mg/L. Tumor marker, Clostridium difficile, Epstein–Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus tests were negative.

Case 3: The patient's complete blood count, blood biochemistry, and tumor marker levels were within the normal range.

Imaging examinations

Case 1: Small bowel endoscopy (SBE) revealed multiple ulcers and stenosis in the middle and distal segments of the ileum. (Figure 1A-C). The affected areas exhibited friable mucosal tissue that was prone to bleeding upon touch. Pathological analysis revealed the predominance of chronic inflammation, along with granuloma formation in the submucosa, muscularis mucosa, and lamina propria (Figure 1D). Both the purified protein derivative (PPD) test and tuberculosis-specific T-cell spot test (T-SPOT) were positive.

Figure 1 Small bowel endoscopy and pathology images from case 1. A: A circular ulcer with luminal narrowing and mucosal hyperplasia located in the middle segment of the ileum; B: Another circular ulcer with a narrowing located in the middle segment of the ileum; C: A longitudinal ulcer with mucosal hyperplasia located in the terminal segment of the ileum; D: Histopathological examination by hematoxylin-eosin (200 ×) staining demonstrated the formation of multiple granulomas.

Case 2: Computed tomography enterography (CTE) findings revealed the presence of multiple luminal strictures in both the small intestine and colon, as well as segmental thickening of the intestinal wall, consistent with characteristic features of Crohn's disease (Figure 2A and B). The patient's initial presentation suggested a diagnosis of Crohn's disease. However, upon admission, the patient experienced intermittent fever with a maximum temperature of 39 °C. Chest CT revealed interstitial inflammation and infection in both lungs (Figure 2C and D). Her T-SPOT test was remarkably positive (3+), which made a diagnosis of tuberculosis infection of the lungs possible. Although the patient's previous colonoscopy suggested Crohn's disease, it lacked specificity for differential diagnosis. Thus, further investigation is warranted to optimize the pathological basis of this diagnosis. Segmental ulcers were identified throughout the entire ileum and colon during SBE. Larger ulcers extended along the circumference of the intestinal lumen (Figure 2E and F). Pus patches covered the surface of the ulcers. Multiple biopsy samples were obtained from these areas. Pathological examination of the specimens revealed diffuse mucosal inflammation with the formation of multiple granulomas in the lamina propria and submucosa (Figure 2G). Positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) staining indicated the presence of mycobacteria (Figure 2H). Based on the collective findings, the patient was diagnosed with intestinal tuberculosis.

Figure 2 Computed tomography, small bowel endoscopy, and pathology images from case 2. A: Computed tomography scan showing multiple strictures in the small intestine; B: CT scan showing multiple strictures and thickening of the colonic wall; C: CT scan showing multifocal patchy opacities in the upper lungs; D: CT scan showing multifocal patchy opacities in both lungs, predominantly in the right middle lobe and left lower lobe; E: An ulcer with purulent exudate and surrounding mucosal hyperplasia was observed at the terminal ileum; F: An ulcer with luminal involvement was observed at the terminal ileum; G: Histopathological examination via hematoxylin-eosin staining (100 ×) revealed the presence of multiple granulomas; H: Histopathological examination via acid-fast bacilli staining (400 ×) revealed positive bacteria.

Case 3: CTE revealed localized thickening of the lower left abdominal small intestinal wall (Figure 3A). During SBE, ileal stenosis and gastric mucosal lesions were identified (Figure 3B). Histopathological examination of the gastric mucosal lesions suggested gastric adenocarcinoma, while the histopathological findings of the ileum and jejunum indicated chronic inflammatory changes. However, the PPD test was positive. Consequently, a curative distal gastrectomy, intra-abdominal lymph node dissection, and partial small bowel resection were performed. The resected small bowel specimen exhibited significant thickening of the intestinal wall, luminal narrowing, and localized mass-like lesions. Pathological examination revealed granuloma formation in all layers of the intestinal wall (Figure 3C). Additionally, the pathology also revealed advanced dysplasia in the gastric mucosa with focal carcinoma in situ, confirming a moderately differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma (T1N0M0) (Figure 3D).

Figure 3 Computed tomography, small bowel endoscopy, and pathology images from case 3. A: Computed tomography enterography revealed localized thickening of the small intestine with clustering in the lower left abdomen; B: Small bowel endoscopy revealing ileal stenosis; C: Histopathological examination by hematoxylin-eosin staining (100 ×) demonstrated the formation of granulomas; D: Histopathological examination by hematoxylin-eosin staining (200 ×) demonstrated advanced dysplasia in the gastric mucosa and focal carcinoma in situ.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

In all of these patients, the final diagnosis was intestinal tuberculosis.

TREATMENT

Case 1

Standard anti-tuberculosis treatment was given.

Case 2

One week after admission, the patient presented with gastrointestinal bleeding. Blood transfusions were administered, and anti-tuberculosis treatment was initiated, leading to a significant improvement in the symptoms compared to those that the patients had previously.

Case 3

Standard anti-tuberculosis treatment was given.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

These patients recovered well and follow-up was routinely performed. During the telephone follow-up in the 10^th month after discharge, the patients did not develop abdominal pain or other obvious discomfort (Table 1).

Table 1 Patients' clinical features, management and outcomes.

Case/gender	Age at diagnosis	Main clinical features	Examinations for tuberculosis	Features of CTE	Endoscopic appearance	Histopathological examination	Management	Outcome
1/male	49 yr	Melena	PPD (+); TSPOT (+)	Multiple luminal strictures and thickened intestinal walls	Multiple ulcers and stenosis in the small intestine	Multiple granulomas	Standard anti-tuberculosis treatment	No symptoms at the 10th month after discharge
2/female	23 yr	Recurrent abdominal pain	T-SPOT (+)	Multiple luminal strictures and thickened intestinal walls	Segmental ulcers were identified throughout the entire ileum and colon	Multiple granulomas; acid-fast staining detects positive bacteria	Standard anti-tuberculosis treatment	No symptoms at the 10th month after discharge
3/female	63 yr	Recurrent abdominal pain	PPD (+)	Localized thickening of the small intestine with clustering in the lower left abdomen	Ileal stenosis	Multiple granulomas	Standard anti-tuberculosis treatment	No symptoms at the 10th month after discharge

CTE: Computed tomography enterography; PPD: Purified protein derivative test; T-SPOT: Tuberculosis-specific T-cell spot test.

DISCUSSION

We report three cases of small bowel tuberculosis (SBT) involving the ileocecal region, which is a typical site affected by this disease. The diagnosis and differentiation of intestinal tuberculosis are challenging, and the confirmation of such cases can be further complicated by atypical lesion sites.

A recent series of studies indicated that the most common clinical features of intestinal tuberculosis are abdominal pain, weight loss and fever[8-13]. Abdominal pain is typically chronic and occurs frequently in the right lower quadrant and periumbilical regions, with the symptoms of case 2. However, in case 3, the abdominal pain was mainly localized in the upper abdomen. Weight loss is also a common symptom among patients with intestinal tuberculosis. Among the three patients we described, all had a BMI less than 20 kg/m², which may be attributed to chronic inflammatory processes, reduced nutrient intake, or impaired absorption[14]. Notably, none of the three patients presented with fever, indicating the atypical clinical manifestations of SBTs.

Cases 2 and 3 presented primarily with abdominal pain, while case 1 exhibited small intestine bleeding (SIB) as the main clinical feature. SIB, also known as obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, is commonly caused by malignancies (such as lymphoma), polyposis syndromes, Meckel's diverticulum, inflammatory bowel disease, Dieulafoy's lesions, vascular dilations, or ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs[15]. There are reports of cases in which colonic tuberculosis has caused significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage[16,17], but SIB attributed to intestinal tuberculosis is extremely rare.

Intestinal tuberculosis is a disease known as the "great mimicker" due to its clinical symptoms, which can mimic various conditions. Currently, endoscopic combined biopsy histopathology is widely regarded as the most important approach for diagnosing intestinal tuberculosis. A meta-analysis study[18] revealed that the relative endoscopic features of intestinal tuberculosis include transverse ulcers, a patulous ileocecal valve, and cecal involvement. Pathology is considered the gold standard for diagnosing intestinal tuberculosis, although its diagnostic efficacy heavily relies on the quality of the endoscopic biopsy specimens. In comparison to the granulomas of Crohn's disease, tuberculous granulomas in the intestine are typically larger (> 200 mm), confluent, and dense (> 5/hpf) and are predominantly distributed in the submucosal layer. The presence of central caseous necrosis allows for a specific diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis[19,20]. However, due to the typical location of tuberculous granulomas in the submucosal layer, endoscopic biopsies are often sampled too superficially, resulting in a relatively low detection rate of caseous granulomas. Several studies[21,22] have suggested that extensive sampling during endoscopy could be performed to improve the diagnostic rate of tuberculosis, albeit at the cost of an increased biopsy and processing time. In some cases of intestinal tuberculosis, surgical intervention may be necessary to obtain sufficient pathological specimens for a definitive diagnosis. Additionally, interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) still hold significant value as a complementary method in the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis. A study indicated that the T-SPOT test has a sensitivity of 88% for diagnosing natural Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is significantly greater than the 66% sensitivity of the tuberculin skin test[23]. In recent years, several studies[24,25] have utilized the ratio of visceral fat to subcutaneous fat on CT scans to distinguish between Crohn's disease and intestinal tuberculosis. A cutoff value of 0.63 for the VF/SC ratio demonstrated a high sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 81% in distinguishing intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease.

Traditional examinations such as histopathological examination, AFB, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture exhibit high specificity but low sensitivity[26]. Various novel molecular-based approaches, including IGRA, GeneXpert, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and multiplex PCR, offer high sensitivity but limited specificity, resulting in limited clinical application[26]. In conclusion, an accurate diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis requires a combination of patient history, physical examination, imaging examination, endoscopy, pathology, and the latest molecular detection methods.

Regarding case 1, the patient had a history of tuberculosis, and both the PPD and T-SPOT results were positive. SBE revealed multiple ulcers and strictures in the small intestine, and histopathological examination revealed granuloma formation in the submucosa, muscularis mucosa, and lamina propria. Considering these findings collectively, a diagnosis of SBT was made. In case 2, the patient was initially misdiagnosed with Crohn's disease, but as the disease progressed, fever and pulmonary symptoms emerged. The chest CT and T-SPOT results suggested the possibility of tuberculosis, and small bowel endoscopic biopsy revealed AFB. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with SBT. For case 3, endoscopy did not reveal any specific findings, which led to doubts about the diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis. However, CTE revealed thickening of the small intestine wall, suggesting further SBE examination. While identifying ileal stenosis, endoscopic biopsy pathology indicated gastric malignancy. As such, the patient underwent surgical intervention and postoperative pathological examination revealed multiple granulomas throughout the full thickness of the small intestinal wall, confirming the diagnosis of SBT.

Currently, conservative antituberculosis treatment is commonly used for patients with a confirmed diagnosis of SBT. A Cochrane meta-analysis of a randomized controlled trial (328 participants) revealed that patients treated with isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, or ethambutol for a shorter duration (6 months) did not have a high rate of recurrence[27]. Additional observational data suggest that in most cases, six months of treatment is sufficient[28,29]. If drug therapy fails to relieve symptoms or if complications such as intestinal obstruction occur, surgical treatment may be considered based on careful evaluation of the patient. In our reported cases, except for case 3 who underwent surgical resection of the intestinal tuberculosis lesion due to gastric malignancy, the main approach was drug therapy, and all the patients achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects.

CONCLUSION

In summary, the clinical manifestations of SBT are complex and nonspecific, often presenting as abdominal pain, weight loss, and, occasionally, isolated gastrointestinal bleeding. Purely isolated SBTs are relatively rare, with most cases being associated with pulmonary tuberculosis or extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis relies on a comprehensive assessment of clinical symptom and the laboratory, radiological, endoscopic, bacteriological, and histopathology findings. Only through a thorough analysis of the disease can we distinguish between true and false cases, thus avoiding misdiagnosis and other potential complications.