Surgery for Cronkhite-Canada syndrome complicated with intussusception: A case report and review of literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare nonhereditary disease with a syndrome of multiple gastrointestinal polyps, skin pigmentation, hair loss, and fingernail/toenail dystrophy. Intussusception is a serious condition with an occurrence rate of 5% in adults, which is mainly caused by intestinal tumors or other intestinal occupations.

CASE SUMMARY

A 57-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to abdominal distension and pain for the past year. Her nausea and vomiting symptoms had been aggravated for the past month. Previous transoral enteroscopy results one year prior showed chronic erosive gastritis protuberans, duodenitis, and jejunitis. She had sparse body hair and brown pigmentation on the skin of her hands and bilateral anterior tibias. The nails of both hands were pale and lacked luster, and the fingernail of her ring finger was longitudinally cracked. Gastroscopy showed extensive diffuse polypoid lump changes in the gastric body and antrum, of 0.5-3 cm in size. Colonoscopy showed multiple polypoid mucosal bulges in the terminal ileum and multiple polyps (0.3-5 cm) throughout the colon. The patient was diagnosed with CCS and underwent partial excision of the polyps, but she refused hormone therapy. One month later, the patient complained of nausea and vomiting, accompanied by abdominal pain and inability to pass gas or stool. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the abdomen showed gastrointestinal polyposis and ileocecal intussusception. She underwent stomach and bowel surgery.

CONCLUSION

CCS, as a rare disease with poor prognosis, should be treated aggressively. Systematic steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biological agents were not applied; thus, the patient’s symptoms quickly progressed, and intussusception occurred. She had to undergo surgery. Improved compliance may lead to a better prognosis.

Key Words: Cronkhite-Canada syndrome; Intussusception; Treatment; Prognosis; Surgery; Case report

Core Tip: Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS), a syndrome of multiple gastrointestinal polyps, skin pigmentation, hair loss, and fingernail/toenail dystrophy, is a rare nonhereditary disease. We report a case of CCS that quickly progressed, and intussusception occurred, which eventually led to surgery because systematic steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biological agents were not applied. As a rare disease with poor prognosis, CCS should be treated aggressively. Meanwhile, improved compliance may lead to a better prognosis.

INTRODUCTION

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare nonhereditary disease with multiple gastrointestinal polyps, skin pigmentation, hair loss, and fingernail/toenail dystrophy. The disease was first reported in 1955[1]. More than 500 confirmed cases have been reported worldwide to date, resulting in an incidence of approximately 1 per million[2,3]. Approximately 75% of the existing reports are from Japan, where the incidence is approximately 3.7 per million[4].

Intussusception is a common complication in children, while in adults, the incidence of intussusception is only approximately 5% and is mainly caused by occupations, such as tumors[5].

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 57-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to abdominal distension and pain for 1 year, which had been aggravated with nausea and vomiting for 1 mo.

History of present illness

The patient experienced abdominal distension and pain accompanied by the absence of exhaust defecation without obvious inducement 1 year prior. She was evaluated in a local hospital before admission to our hospital. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) (July 14, 2019) showed edema and thickening of the duodenal wall, with mild dilation of some parts of the small intestine with effusion. Transoral enteroscopy showed chronic erosive gastritis protuberans, duodenitis, and jejunitis. She was treated by fasting, gastrointestinal decompression, antibiotics, a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and fluid supplementation, and then she was discharged after relief of abdominal distension and pain and restoration of anal gas evacuation. The patient had cracked fingernails, accompanied by hair loss, weakened sense of taste, and repeated abdominal distension and abdominal pain starting 10 mo prior. One month prior, the patient had nausea and vomiting with aggravated abdominal distension, and diarrhea consisting of yellow-green loose stools. She experienced anorexia and fatigue. In the previous month, her weight loss was approximately 5-6 kg.

History of past illness

The patient was healthy overall except for a 5-year history of hypertension. She had brown pigmentation on the anterior tibia skin of her lower limbs for more than 10 years, and the pigmentation size varied from a coin-sized area when the condition was relieved to an area extending from above the ankle to below the knee when the condition was more severe. The lesion produced itching and discomfort but did not exhibit redness, swelling, or ulceration. The patient had sparse body hair since childhood and had no history of oral steroids or long-term medication use.

Personal and family history

She had no infectious disease, drug or food allergy, surgery, or blood transfusion. She also had no family history of gastrointestinal polyposis or other genetic diseases.

Physical examination

Height: 157 cm; weight: 36 kg; body mass index: 14.6 kg/m²; ear temperature: 36.2 °C; breaths: 18/min; pulse: 118 beats/min; blood pressure: 110/78 mmHg. The patient was conscious and alert but less vigorous than usual. Her conjunctivas appeared pale. Brown pigments were visible, particularly on the skin of her hands and bilateral anterior tibia. She had sparse body hair. The nails of both hands were pale and lacked luster, and the fingernail of her ring finger was longitudinally cracked (Figure 1). Small nodules (the size of a red bean) in the right supraclavicular lymph node could be palpated, with clear borders and no adhesions. No edema was noted in either lower limb.

Figure 1 Physical examination. A: Sparse hair; B: Nail dystrophy; C: Skin pigmentation of the hands; D: Skin pigmentation of the legs.

Laboratory examinations

The blood test results were as follows: White blood cell count (11.63 × 10⁹/L↑), neutrophil count (8.4 × 10⁹/L↑), hemoglobin 119 g/L (115-150), and platelet count (545 × 10⁹/L↑). The C-reactive protein level was 1.9 mg/L. The biochemical test results were: Albumin 23.2 g/L (40-55) and blood calcium 1.85 mmol/L (2.11-2.52). The tumor marker test results were as follows: CA19-9 41.1 U/mL (0-37), immunoglobulin E (IgE) 193/mL (0-87), and gastrin 129 ng/L (13-115). Serum Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies were positive. The occult blood test in stool was positive (++), and the fat globule test was positive.

No abnormalities were found in the following test results: Liver and kidney function, coagulation function, troponin level, thyroid function, routine urine, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, immunoglobulin (G, A, M) levels, immunoglobulin G (IgG) 4 level, complement levels, rheumatoid factor level, hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E) antibodies, TORCH (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2) antibodies, Epstein-Barr virus antibodies, anemia test (ferritin, folic acid, vitamin B12), Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies, tuberculosis infection T cells, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and blood lead level.

During the entire treatment, we recommended that the patient undergo further genetic examination, but she refused because of the expense.

Imaging examinations

Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen suggested that the gastric wall and part of the small intestine and colon were thickened with multiple cauliflower-like and nodular protrusions and showed obvious heterogeneous enhancement. A diagnosis of multiple polyps (malignant changes were not ruled out) was considered (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Abdominal enhanced computed tomography. Thickening of the gastrointestinal tract with multiple cauliflower-like and nodular protrusions. A: The stomach wall; B: Part of the small intestinal wall; C and D: Part of the colon wall.

Positron-emission tomography (PET)/CT showed multiple nodules with increased ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) intake in the gastric wall (SUVmax 3.4), descending duodenum and bulb, small intestine, and colon (SUVmax 7.3). Multiple areas of nodular thickening with increased FDG intake were noted in the proximal rectum. Based on her medical history, a diagnosis of multiple polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract (the possibility of malignant changes in individual polyps could not be excluded) was considered (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Positron-emission tomography/computed tomography showing multiple nodules with increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the stomach wall, descending duodenum, and bulb, in the small intestine (obvious increase in the ileum), and the colon (obvious increase in the ascending colon). Multiple nodular thickening with increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake was observed in the proximal rectum. A: Whole-body maximum intensity projection 18F-FDG and positron-emission tomography (PET) image; B: PET; C: Computed tomography (CT); D: PET/CT.

Endoscopic examinations

Gastroscopy showed extensive diffuse polypoid lumps of 0.5-3.0 cm in the gastric body, gastric fundus and antrum (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Endoscopic findings in the stomach. Extensive and diffuse polypoid eminences in the stomach. A: Antrum; B: Lower part of the gastric body; C: Middle part of the gastric body; D: Upper part of the gastric body; E: Gastric fundus; F: Duodenal bulb.

Colonoscopy showed multiple polypoid mucosal bulges in the terminal ileum and multiple polyps (0.3-5 cm) throughout the colon. Some were villus-like changes. Severe hyperemia was found on the surface. Larger polyps appeared in the ascending colon and the hepatic flexure (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Endoscopic findings in the colon. Multiple polypoid mucosal bulges in the distal small intestine and multiple polyps throughout the colon. Some were villus-like changes, and severe hyperemia was observed on the surface. A: Terminal ileum; B: Cecum; C and D: Ascending colon; E and F: Transverse colon; G: Descending colon; H: Sigmoid colon; I: Rectum.

Gastroscopic pathology showed juvenile polyps in the gastric antrum (H. pylori⁺) (Figure 6). Colonoscopic pathology showed juvenile polyps in the ascending colon (Figure 7).

Figure 6 Histopathology and hematoxylin and eosin staining of gastroscopic pathology samples suggested a diagnosis of juvenile polyps. A: × 11; B: × 12.5.

Figure 7 Histopathology and hematoxylin and eosin staining of colonoscopic pathology samples suggested a diagnosis of juvenile polyps. A: × 12.5; B: × 25.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Cronkhite-Canada syndrome.

TREATMENT

The patient was admitted to the hospital and treated with nutritional agents, digestive enzymes, a PPI, and anti-H. pylori agents (rabeprazole 10 mg bid + bismuth potassium citrate 0.6 g bid + amoxicillin 1 g bid + clarithromycin 0.5 g bid, 14 d). The nail dystrophy and skin pigmentation improved after treatment.

One month after treatment, the patient complained of nausea and vomiting, accompanied by abdominal pain and inability to pass gas or stool. Contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen showed gastrointestinal polyposis and ileocecal intussusception (Figure 8).

Figure 8 Abdominal enhanced computed tomography. Multiple concentric ring signs in the ileocecal area indicating ileocecal intussusception. A: Plain computed tomography scan; B: Arterial phase; C and D: Venous phase.

After fasting, gastrointestinal decompression, somatostatin administration, PPI treatment, and total parenteral nutrition, her symptoms were not significantly improved. The patient and family members refused surgical treatment followed by glucocorticoids. Her symptoms worsened 1 mo later, and she underwent right hemicolon + partial transverse colon + partial ilium resection at another hospital. Postoperative pathology showed inflammatory changes.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

After the operation, vomiting and decreased bowel movements recurred. CT showed intestinal obstruction. She underwent subtotal gastrectomy 3 mo after the surgery.

DISCUSSION

Diarrhea and the triad of abnormal ectodermal lesions (hair loss, skin pigmentation, fingernail/toenail atrophy and loss) are the most common clinical manifestations of CCS. Other manifestations include weight loss, hypoalbuminemia, edema of both lower limbs, dysgeusia, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and itching[3]. Some patients also have electrolyte disturbances (most common types: Hypokalemia and hypocalcemia), and fractures have been reported occasionally. Almost all of the clinical features of CCS were present in this patient.

CCS is a rare hereditary or familial disorder with multiple intestinal polyps distributed throughout the digestive tract. Most are in the stomach and colon (90%), followed by 80% in the small intestine and 67% in the rectum. They are rare in the esophagus[6]. Approximately 12.3% (26/211) of CCS patients have esophageal involvement[7]. Endoscopy has demonstrated that most polyps are sessile or broad-based and diffusely distributed, vary in size, and are granular, nodular, or irregular in shape. The polyp mucosa is congested with obvious edema, and intestinal folds are thickened[2,8].

Hyperplastic polyps and hamartoma-like polyps are common in CCS histopathology examinations. In addition, 31%-71% of patients may have digestive tract adenomas or adenomatous changes during the course of this disease[9]. The pathological features of typical CCS polyps include propria edema, mild to moderate inflammatory cell infiltration, eosinophil and lymphocyte infiltration (even IgG4 plasma cell infiltration), tortuous hyperplasia of glands, and some cystic expansion filled with protein-rich liquid or concentrated mucus[2].

The histopathology of non-polyp tissue includes edema, mucus-like expansion of the propria, damage to the crypt structure (dilation or branching)[10], and mixed inflammatory infiltration composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils[11].

Due to the extremely low incidence of CCS and the small number of studies available, controversies remain regarding the causes, mechanisms, and effective treatments of CCS.

The mainstream view is that the pathogenesis of CCS is related to autoimmune disorders[12,13]. Patients may have abnormal expression of antinuclear antibodies[14], abnormal IgG4 expression[6,12] (elevated serum IgG4 or infiltration of IgG4 plasma cells in the tissue), other autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma)[8,13], and impaired T cell regulatory function[11]. Case studies have shown that steroids and anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antibody therapy are not effective against CCS in some cases, suggesting that the relationship between CCS and immunity is complicated[15]. The histopathology of the nail matrix of some patients with CCS shows stromal granuloma. Because stromal hypergranulation is common in a variety of inflammatory nail diseases, the inflammatory process may be an important pathogenic factors of CCS[16]. H. pylori infection is also believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of CCS. Watanabe et al[7] found that approximately 54% of CCS patients had H. pylori infection, and the symptoms of CCS disappeared after anti-H. pylori treatment[17,18].

The diagnosis of CCS should be based on comprehensive consideration of the medical history, physical examination, endoscopic examination and histopathological results. CCS needs to be differentiated from juvenile polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, Cowden syndrome, Turcot syndrome, and familial adenomatous polyposis[7,19].

The common complications of CCS include gastrointestinal bleeding with anemia, intussusception, gastrointestinal tumors, hypoproteinemia, rectal prolapse, malabsorption, electrolyte imbalance, and vitamin deficiency[20]. Rare complications include recurrent severe acute pancreatitis[21], portal vein thrombosis, membranous glomerulonephritis[14], and recurrent arteriovenous embolism[22]. The probability of a CCS patient with a malignant tumor is 13%[23]. Three histological structures, including polyps[24], adenomas, and adenocarcinomas, may be present concurrently in the gastrointestinal tract in CCS patients. Histological evidence has shown transformation of CCS from polyps to adenomas and then to adenocarcinomas. In 15%-25% of CCS patients, gastric or intestinal carcinoma is diagnosed at the onset of CCS. The total adenoma detection rate over the course of CCS is 31%-71%[7,9]. Therefore, long-term endoscopic monitoring of patients with confirmed or suspected CCS is needed[7].

Due to the low incidence of CCS and the small number of reported cases, no unified or standardized CCS treatment guidelines have been issued in China or abroad. To date, empirical treatment is mainly applied, including steroids, immunosuppressants, biological agents, antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, acid blockers, nutritional support, and endoscopic surgical treatment. Steroids are currently well accepted for the treatment of CCS[12,25]. No consensus has been reached about the steroid dosage or duration. Watanabe et al[7] reported that the most significant effective dose of prednisolone for active CCS was 30-49 mg per day. Early tapering of steroids may be related to early recurrence, which suggests that the prednisolone dose should be slowly reduced after endoscopic confirmation of polyp regression. Approximately 61.1%[7] to 61.3%[3] of patients achieve clinical relief after steroid treatment. Osteoporosis is a major side effect of steroids. After steroid-induced remission, immunosuppressive maintenance therapy should be continued[26]. If the abovementioned drug treatments are ineffective, biological agents can be an option[27]. However, it has been suggested that steroids and anti-TNF-α antibodies are not effective for some CCS patients. Whether steroids or biological agents have better efficacy in IgG4-positive patients remains to be proven[15]. Early proactive drug treatment may reduce the incidences of intussusception and surgical intervention. Because most adult intussusceptions are accompanied by tumor changes, surgical treatment is the first choice once intussusception is confirmed. Endoscopic reduction is also an option, but with a high risk; in theory, reduction may lead to abdominal perforation and tumor spread[5,28]. Partial endoscopic mucosal resection plus corticosteroids and anti-plasmin treatment can be used to avoid surgery.

The prognosis of CCS is poor. Lesion size, age, and complications are factors for a poor prognosis[3]. Serious complications can be life-threatening. The 5-year survival rate is less than 45%[29]. The main causes of death are gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, malnutrition, electrolyte imbalance, and heart failure[8]. Because CCS is a rare disease, clinicians may misdiagnose it because they are not familiar with it. Meanwhile, CCS has a risk of malignancy[30]. More than 10% of CCS patients relapse after the disease is relieved via standardized steroid and endoscopic treatments. Therefore, standardized follow-up and endoscopic monitoring are essential during the whole treatment process to reduce the mortality rate of CCS. Evaluation should be performed at an interval of 6-12 mo after treatment or confirmed diagnosis[7]. During the first year after onset of the illness, the patient and her family members refused glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, or biological agents for treatment. The disease progressed rapidly even after she received symptomatic treatment, nutritional support, and surgical treatment. An in-depth understanding of CCS and advanced diagnosis and treatment may improve its prognosis; therefore, the prognosis needs to be reassessed after treatment.

CONCLUSION

In this case, endoscopy did not show large or multiple polyps at the onset of the symptoms one year prior, and no specific treatment was applied during that year. Large polyps appeared quickly in the gastrointestinal tract. After routine nutritional support and anti-H. pylori treatment, the polyps did not significantly subside. Because systematic steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and biological agents were not applied, the patient’s symptoms quickly progressed, and intussusception occurred. She had to eventually undergo surgery. Thus, CCS, a rare disease with poor prognosis, should be treated aggressively. Learning more about the disease and improved compliance may lead to a better prognosis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to show our deepest gratitude to our friend, Dr. Yi Chen, a respectable, responsible and resourceful scholar, who has provided us with valuable guidance in every stage of the writing of this manuscript.