Inflammatory responses in esophageal mucosa before and after laparoscopic antireflux surgery

Figure 1 Study design. Pre-LARS: Pre-laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery; Post-LARS: Post-laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery; HRM: High-resolution manometry; MII-pH: Multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; GI: Gastrointestinal.

Figure 2 Significant gene expression. A: Significant gene expression in the post-laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery group compared to healthy controls; B: Significant gene expression in the post-laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery group compared to pre-laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery group. All comparisons are given as fold changes. BCL3: B-cell CLL/lymphoma 3; FGF2: Fibroblast growth factor 2; IFNAR1: Interferon (alpha, beta and omega) receptor 1; IKBKE: Inhibitor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells, kinase epsilon; JUN: Jun proto-oncogene; MAP2K4: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 4; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; TNFRSF1A: Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A.

Figure 3 Cytokine results. A: Cytokine results indicating the proinflammatory response; B-D: Cytokine results indicating the anti-inflammatory response. ^aP < 0.05 vs healthy control; ^bP < 0.05 vs pre-laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery. CXCL: CXC motif chemokine ligand; IFN: Interferon gamma; IL: Interleukin; LARS: Laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery; HC: Healthy control.