Surgical complications of oncological treatments: A narrative review

Figure 1 Chronic radiation enteritis in a 62-year-old woman with anal cancer. Red arrows indicate regions where radiation enteritis is most evident (personal observation).

Figure 2 Clostridium difficile colitis (red arrow) in a 78-year-old man with a malignant tumor of the lung treated with cyclophosphamide. (personal observation).

Figure 3 Bevacizumab-related intestinal pneumatosis with right colon ischemia in a 69-year-old woman being treated for breast cancer. Red arrows indicate regions where pneumatosis is most evident (personal observation).

Figure 4 Computed tomography images. A: Bevacizumab-related small bowel perforation in a 49-year-old female patient with breast cancer (red arrow); B: Bevacizumab-related late anastomotic leakage (red arrow) in a 72-year-old female colon cancer patient (personal observation).

Figure 5 Computed tomography and intraoperative findings. A: Computed tomography scan of bowel perforation (red arrow) in a 56-year-old male patient undergoing molecular targeted therapy with capozatinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma; B: Intraoperative findings in the same clinical case (personal observation).

Figure 6 Bowel perforation in a 73-year-old male lung cancer patient undergoing immunotherapy with atezolizumab. The red arrow indicates subdiaphragmatic free air (personal observation).