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World J Gastrointest Surg. Apr 27, 2023; 15(4): 534-543
Published online Apr 27, 2023. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i4.534
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Various probable causes of malnutrition during the course of acute pancreatitis. AP: Acute pancreatitis.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Flowchart of the initiation of nutrition in patients with acute pancreatitis. EN: Enteral nutrition; NRS: Nutritional risk screening; NUTRIC: Nutrition risk in the critically ill; PN: Parenteral nutrition.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Gut barrier dysfunction and its restoration after enteral nutrition. A: Duodenal biopsy from control shows intact claudin-3 positivity on immunohistochemistry in both villi and crypts throughout the mucosa (× 200); B: Biopsy taken from acute pancreatitis (AP) shows loss of claudin-3 positivity in the duodenal villi and crypts (× 200); C: Biopsy taken from AP post-enteral nutrition shows positivity (significant improvement) in the duodenal villi and crypts (× 200). Ultrastructural changes in duodenal epithelia of patients with AP on electron microscopy show disordered microvilli.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Evidence-based physiological and clinical benefits of enteral nutrition compared with total parenteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis[24,26]. AP: Acute pancreatitis; EN: Enteral nutrition.