Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for diagnosing and treating pediatric biliary and pancreatic diseases

Figure 1 Intraoperative findings during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. A: Case 1 involved a pancreatic fistula following retroperitoneal neuroblastoma surgery, who was treated with a 5Fr stent placement; B: Case 11 presented with a pancreatic pleural fistula; C and D: In Case 12, acute necrotizing pancreatitis (PEP) and abnormal pancreaticobiliary confluence were recorded. The patient received a bile duct stent (7Fr-7 cm) and a pancreatic duct stent (5Fr-7 cm) placement; E: Case 9 had chronic PEP complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding. Accordingly, interventional embolization was performed, and the pancreatic fistula was treated with the placement of 5Fr-9 cm and 5Fr-7 cm stents; F-H: Case 2 experienced spontaneous nipple intubation, which resulted in the penetration of the guide wire from the accessory nipple. Pseudocysts subsequently developed from the distal end of the pancreatic duct after this procedure.