Double diabetes in Saudi Arabia: A new entity or an underestimated condition

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population (n = 312)

Patients characteristics	Yes % (n)	No % (n)
Family history of diabetes	57 (178)	43 (134)
Patients with overweight or obese	64 (199)	36 (113)
Diabetic ketoacidosis at presentation	39 (122)	61 (190)
Autoantibodies positivity	52 (162)	48 (150)
Acanthosis nigricans	34 (106)	66 (206)
Family history of auto-immune disease	23 (72)	77 (240)
History of auto-immune disease	18 (56)	82 (256)

Table 2 Characteristics of the patients are shown based on the presence or absence of auto-antibodies and the C-peptide secretion

Auto-antibodies	Ab+		Ab-
C-peptide secretion	β- (G 1)	β+ (double diabetes)	β- (G2)	β+
Age of diagnosis	13.16a	15.3	16.6	17.02e
Family history of diabetes	24 (13.5%)	45 (25.3%)	14 (7.9%)	95 (53.4%)e
Family history of auto immune disease	32 (44.4%)a	28 (38.8%)	5 (6.9%)	7 (9.7%)e
History of auto immune disease	29 (51.7%)a	17 (30.4%)	2 (3.6%)	8 (14.3%)e
DKA at presentation	57 (46.7%)a	33 (27%)	5 (4%)	27 (22.1%)e
BMI (kg/m2)	21a	26.8	24.2	29.6e
HbA1c (%)	10.2a	8.9	10.8	11.7e
Patients requiring insulin at diagnosis	65 (22.6%)a	90 (31.4%)	28 (9.8%)	104 (36.2%)
Patients requiring insulin multiple dose injection (follow-up)	65 (44.2%)a	31 (21%)	28 (19%)c	23 (15.6%)e
Patients on metformin only during follow-up	0a	48 (38.1%)	0c	78 (61.9%)e
Patients on metformin with insulin during follow-up	4 (6.1%)a	27 (41.5%)	2 (3.1%)c	32 (49.2%)

Groups compared by Students’t test and χ² test:

^aP < 0.05, Ab+ β+ vs Ab+ β-;

^cP < 0.05, Ab+ β+ vs Ab- β-;

^eP < 0.05, Ab+ β+ vs Ab- β+. DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; BMI: Body mass index.