Update on the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Classification of degree of obesity by body mass index

Body mass index (kg/m2)
Normal weight	18.5-24.9
Overweight grade 1	25-26.9
Overweight grade 2	27-29.9
Obesity grade 1	30-34.9
Obesity grade 2	35-39.9
Obesity grade 3 (morbid)	40-49.9
Obesity grade 4 (extreme)	≥ 50

Adapted from World Health Organization (WHO) 1995, WHO 2000 and WHO 2004.

Table 2 Different formulas for calculating baseline energy needs of people

Harris-Benedict equation1
Males: BMR (kcal/d) = 66 + 13.7 × weight (kg) + 5 × height (cm) - 6.8 × age
Females: BMR (kcal/d) = 655 + 9.6 × weight (kg) + 1.8 × height (cm) - 4.7 × age
Mifflin St Jeor equation2
Males: BMR (kcal/d) = 10 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) - 5 × age + 5
Females: BMR (kcal/d) = 10 × weight (kg) + 6.25 × height (cm) - 5 × age - 161

¹Harris JA, Benedict FG. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Nutr Rev 1918; 4: 370-373.

²Mifflin MD, St Jeor ST, Hill LA, Scott BJ, Daugherty SA, Koh YO. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 2241-2247. BMR: Basal metabolic rate.

Table 3 Glycaemic index, glycaemic load and carbohydrates portion

GI: Observed increase in blood glucose after eating 50 g of a food, compared with the observed increase after intake of 50 g of white bread or glucose

Glycaemic load: GI × total amount of carbohydrates (grams) of the usual food portion

Carbohydrates portion: amount of food containing 10 g of carbohydrates

Glycaemic Research Institute. Available from: URL: http://www.glycemic.com/GlycemicIndex-LoadDefined.htm. GI: Glycaemic index.

Table 4 Relationship between maximum oxygen consumption, % of maximum heart rate and subjective perceived exertion

Intensity	% oxygen consumption	% maximum heart rate1	Subjective perceived exertion
Very light	< 20	< 35	< 10
Light	20-39	35-54	10-11
Moderate	40-59	55-69	12-13
High	60-84	70-89	14-16
Very high	> 85	> 90	17-19
Maximum	100	100	20

¹Maximum heart rate = 220-age. Available from: URL: American Diabetes Association. Physical Activity/Exercise and Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (Suppl 1): S58-S62.

Table 5 Type of insulin by onset of action, peak effect and duration of action

Insulin type	Onset of action	Peak effect	Duration of action
Lispro, aspart, glulisine	5 to 15 min	45 to 75 min	2 to 4 h
Regular	About 30 min	2 to 4 h	5 to 8 h
NPH	About 2 h	4 to 12 h	18 to 28 h
Insulin glargine	About 2 h	No peak	20 to 24 h
Insulin detemir	About 2 h	No peak	6 to 24 h1
NPL	About 2 h	Six hours	15 h
Insulin degludec	About 2 h	No peak	> 40 h
Insulin U-300	About 2 h	No peak	> 36 h

¹Duration of action is dose-dependent. At higher doses (≥ 0.8 units/kg), mean duration of action is longer and less variable. Modified from: McCulloch DK. General principles of insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus. Uptodate, March 24, 2016. Available from: URL: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-principles-of-insulin-therapy-in-diabetes-mellitus.