Flavonoid-rich beverage effects on lipid profile and blood pressure in diabetic patients

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants¹

Characteristic	Intervention	Control	P2
	n = 19	n = 17
Age in years	51.9 ± 8.2	51.1 ± 13.8	0.710
Sex, M:F	6:13	5:12	0.433
Weight at study baseline in kg	75.79 ± 9.02	73.38 ± 11.98	0.550
Weight at end-of-trial in kg	75.84 ± 9.04	73.12 ± 11.89	0.750
BMI at study baseline in kg/m2	27.36 ± 4.23	28.58 ± 4.7	0.330
Duration of diabetes	5.96 ± 5.1	9.00 ± 7.2	0.120
Fasting blood glucose in mg/dL	160.5 ± 51.3	201.7 ± 89.2	0.090
HbA1C, %	7.2 ± 1.6	7.5 ± 1.9	0.740
Waist circumference in cm	99.13 ± 9.06	100.56 ± 8.06	0.680
Hypoglycemic agent use, n (%)	17 (89.5)	14 (82.3)	0.4233
Anti-hypertension agent use, n (%)	5 (26.13)	3 (17.46)	0.2533

¹Values are mean ± SD, unless stated otherwise;

²Independent t-test, unless stated otherwise;

³χ² test.

Table 2 Nutrient composition of freeze-dried strawberry and placebo powders

Nutrient composition of FDS powder	Per 50 ga
Carbohydrates in gram	27.1
Protein in gram	4.05
Energy in kcal	108.4
Moisture, %	5
Ash in gram	3.17
Vitamin C in milligram	109.0
Total phenolics in milligramb	2006.0
Total anthocyanins in milligramc	154.0
Phytosterols in milligram	50
Total dietary fiber in gram	8
Nutrient composition of placebo powder	Per 40 g
Carbohydrates in gram	24
Protein in gram	0
Energy in kcal	98
Total fiber in gram	8
Sugar-free instant drink powder with strawberry flavoring in gram	8

^aTen percent fresh weight; Chaucer Foods SA France. Subjects received 50 g/d-approximately 500 g fresh strawberries;

^bExpressed as milligram gallic acid equivalents;

^cExpressed as milligram cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents. FDS: Freeze-dried strawberries.

Table 3 Dietary intake of study participants at baseline and throughout the study¹

	Run-in period			Throughout the study
	FDS supplement	Placebo	P2	FDS supplement	Placebo	P2
	n = 19	n = 17		n = 19	n = 17
Energy in kcal/d	1760.36 ± 145.21	1697.04 ± 132.42	0.69	1784.03 ± 162.32	1624.42 ± 158.02	0.47
Fat in g/d	75.04 ± 5.17	69.88 ± 7.62	0.96	68.41 ± 4.68	73.21 ± 3.08	0.34
SFA in g/d	22.36 ± 1.65	21.62 ± 1.82	0.72	21.98 ± 1.60	21.23 ± 1.44	0.48
PUFA in g/d	19.39 ± 1.92	16.14 ± 1.51	0.023	19.79 ± 1.74	18.5 ± 1.81	0.46
MUFA in g/d	20.68 ± 1.70	21.32 ± 1.26	0.41	22.56 ± 1.51	21.98 ± 1.42	0.65
Cholesterol in mg/d	173.12 ± 14.23	158 ± 12.16	0.46	169.54 ± 12.50	160.02 ± 14.14	0.94
Dietary fiber in g/d	15.68 ± 1.20	14.73 ± 1.60	0.28	14.25 ± 1.83	14.21 ± 1.40	0.56
Vitamin E in mg/d	3.65 ± 1.72	4.51 ± 1.27	0.35	4.79 ± 1.50	4.15 ± 1.42	0.65
Vitamin C in mg/d	71.25 ± 25.02	68.42 ± 18.12	0.75	64.54 ± 16.32	69.47 ± 21.56	0.48
Zinc in mg/d	8.24 ± 1.32	9.80 ± 1.42	0.43	7.53 ± 1.25	8.67 ± 1.36	0.09

¹Data are mean ± SD; ²Obtained from independent sample t-test;

³Significant difference between groups; SFA: Saturated fatty acid; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acid; MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acid; FDS: Freeze-dried strawberry.

Table 4 Metabolic variables at baseline and 6 wk after flavonoid-rich or placebo supplementation in both groups

	Groups
	Intervention	Control	Pa
	n = 19	n = 17
TC in mg/L
Baseline	179.01 ± 31.86	196.35 ± 50.5	0.19
6 wk	165.9 ± 32.4	183.29 ± 49.9	0.07
Change 0-6 wk	-13.1 ± 16.45	-13.05 ± 42	0.80
%CI for change	-7.57 to 20.32	-8.5 to 34.67
P for change within group	0.0001	0.216
LDL-C in mg/dL
Baseline	95.84 ± 26.45	116.51 ± 48.8	0.13
6 wk	92.96 ± 28.03	108.19 ± 40.2	0.19
Change 0-6 wk	-2.87 ± 0.47	-8.3 ± 0.13	0.60
%CI for change	-6.8 to 12.53	-15.52 to -32.17
P for change within group	0.54	0.46
HDL-C in mg/dL
Baseline	47.38 ± 13.67	46.54 ± 12.32	0.84
6 wk	48.36 ± 12.62	47.7 ± 12.26	0.88
Change 0-6 wk	0.97 ± 2.4	1.2 ± 3.1	0.78
%CI for change	-2.1 to 0.18	-2.8 to 0.38
P for change within group	0.098	0.12
TGs in mg/dL
Baseline	184.6 ± 87.6	195.2 ± 84.2	0.81
6 wk	166.37 ± 99.59	183.2 ± 84.4	0.65
Change 0-6 wk	-18.28 ± 58.7	-11.88 ± 90.56	0.80
%CI for change	-10.5 to 46.6	-34.6 to 58.4
P for change within group	0.19	0.59
TC/HDL-C
Baseline	3.9 ± 0.88	4.4 ± 1.5	0.19
6 wk	3.6 ± 0.82	4.3 ± 1.2	0.29
Change 0-6 wk	-0.28 ± 0.35	-0.35 ± 0.08	0.40
%CI for change	0.11 to 0.45	-0.06 to 1.01
P for change within group	0.0021	0.08
LDL-C/HDL-C
Baseline	2.1 ± 0.68	2.6 ± 1.2	0.16
6 wk	1.9 ± 0.62	2.3 ± 0.94	0.24
Change 0-6 wk	-0.12 ± 0.36	-0.27 ± 0.06	0.57
%CI for change	0.11 to 0.45	-0.06 to 1.01
P for change within group	0.183	0.33
SBP in mmHg
Baseline	129.95 ± 14.9	127.6 ± 15.6	0.74
6 wk	114.3 ± 27.5	122.9 ± 14.47	0.25
Change 0-6 wk	-15.94 ± 27.98	-4.7 ± 6.2	0.57
%CI for change	2.45 to 29.43	1.49 to 7.91
P for change within group	0.0231	0.0071
DBP in mmHg
Baseline	84.2 ± 8.03	86.76 ± 6.3	0.168
6 wk	78.7 ± 7.2	84.4 ± 5.8	0.0141
Change 0-6 wk	-5.5 ± 7	-2.3 ± 6.7	0.16
%CI for change	0.11 to 0.45	-0.06 to 1.01
P for change within group	0.0031	0.134

¹P value is regarded as significant; ^aP value between groups, P value < 0.05 is regarded as significant. Values are mean ± SD. TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; TG: Triglyceride.