Evidence for altered thiamine metabolism in diabetes: Is there a potential to oppose gluco- and lipotoxicity by rational supplementation?

Table 1 The effect of thiamine or benfotiamine supplementation on surrogate markers related to hyperglycemia in human studies

Ref.	Treatment	Results
Arora et al[56]	Thiamine	Improved endothelial-dependent vasodilation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and in T2DM patients
Du et al[57]	Benfotiamine + α-lipoic acid	Normalization of AGEs production and prostacyclin synthase activity and decreases hexosamine-modified protein in monocytes without changing glycaemic control in T1DM
González-Ortiz et al[58]	Thiamine	Lower blood glucose and leptin in T2DM patients
Polizzi et al[59]	Thiamine + vitamin B6	Administration of vitamin B6 together with thiamine but not B6 itself decreases DNA glycation in T2DM
Riaz et al[60]	Thiamine	Decreased albumin in urine in T2DM patients
Schupp et al[61]	Benfotiamine	Decreased genomic damage in peripheral lymphocytes in haemodialysis patients
Stirban et al[62]	Benfotiamine	No effect on skin autofluorescence in T2DM patients
Stirban et al[63]	Benfotiamine	No effect on flow-mediated dilation in T2DM patients

T1DM: Type 1 diabetes mellitus; AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.