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©2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Diabetes. Oct 15, 2013; 4(5): 210-218
Published online Oct 15, 2013. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i5.210
Published online Oct 15, 2013. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i5.210
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study sample stratified by gender, presence of MetS and fasting blood glucose category
Without metabolic syndrome | ||||||||||||||
Men | Women | Men | Women | |||||||||||
N’glyc. 91.4 | IFG, 110.5 mg/dL | ANOVA | N’glyc. 92 | IFG, 109 mg/dL | ANOVA | N’glyc. 93.3 | ANOVA | N’glyc. 93.3 | IFG, 111 mg/dL | ANOVA | ||||
n | n= 857 | n= 79 | n= 813 | n= 77 | n | n= 460 | n= 168 | n= 471 | n= 256 | |||||
Age (yr) | 1826 | 50.8 ± 12.7 | 54.3 ± 14.2 | 0.03 | 49.7 ± 12.2 | 49.7 ± 11.9 | 0.99 | 1355 | 54.1 ± 11.4 | 57 ± 12 | 0.008 | 55.3 ± 11.3 | 56.2 ± 12.2 | 0.31 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 1826 | 89.3 ± 9.6 | 85.4 ± 8.5 | 0.001 | 84.7 ± 11 | 81.7 ± 9.8 | 0.023 | 1289 | 101.1 ± 8.4 | 98.9 ± 9.3 | 0.004 | 98.3 ± 10.3 | 95 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
F. triglycerides (mg/dL) | 1336 | 111.6 ±1.60 | 93 ± 1.33 | < 0.001 | 95.7 ± 1.48 | 83.9 ± 1.36 | 0.001 | 1043 | 195 ± 1.62 | 155.2 ± 1.67 | < 0.001 | 164.7±1.61 | 143 ± 1.65 | 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1826 | 40.5 ± 12.5 | 43.9 ± 12.3 | 0.021 | 48.5 ± 13 | 52.3 ± 13.8 | 0.017 | 1291 | 32.3 ± 7.7 | 35 ± 10.1 | 0.002 | 39.4 ± 9 | 42.1 ± 11.7 | < 0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1826 | 113 ± 30.9 | 102.8 ± 25.9 | 0.003 | 116 ± 33.8 | 109.1 ± 35.1 | 0.11 | 1355 | 116 ± 32.5 | 115.5 ± 33 | 0.90 | 127.4 ± 34.3 | 120.2 ± 34 | 0.015 |
Total cholest. (mg/dL) | 1826 | 180 ± 36.5 | 167.4 ± 30.2 | 0.003 | 185 ± 38 | 179 ± 36.5 | 0.18 | 1355 | 189.2 ± 37.7 | 186.1 ± 35.8 | 0.35 | 199 ± 38.2 | 195 ± 39.7 | 0.18 |
Apo B (mg/dL) | 618 | 111.8 ± 35 | 100.7 ± 22.7 | 0.07 | 108.9 ± 32.7 | 115 ± 41.6 | 0.34 | 505 | 128.6 ± 38.4 | 120.8 ± 43.5 | 0.18 | 131.6 ± 50.2 | 122.5 ± 41.7 | 0.13 |
Apo A-I (mg/dL) | 583 | 127.7 ± 29.7 | 127.7 ± 35.8 | 1.00 | 145.9 ± 32 | 150.7 ± 35.2 | 0.44 | 486 | 123 ± 28.3 | 124.8 ± 30.8 | 0.67 | 137 ± 30 | 145 ± 36.4 | 0.067 |
Apo E (mg/dL) | 574 | 4.26 ± 3.73 | 3.36 ± 0.98 | 0.24 | 4.03 ± 1.25 | 4.01 ± 1.11 | 0.94 | 455 | 4.50 ± 2.11 | 4.67 ± 2.99 | 0.64 | 4.67 ± 1.97 | 4.21 ± 1.39 | 0.063 |
Fast insulin (mIU/L) | 1310 | 7.14 ± 2.06 | 5.97 ± 2.23 | 0.063 | 7.52 ± 2.01 | 7.41 ± 1.87 | 0.88 | 952 | 10.4 ± 1.80 | 9.7 ± 1.92 | 0.28 | 10.3 ± 1.75 | 9.5 ± 1.93 | 0.13 |
Lipoprotein(a) (mg/dL) | 884 | 9.14 ± 2.92 | 8.48 ± 2.67 | 0.70 | 10.98 ± 2.93 | 15.96 ± 3.25 | 0.073 | 687 | 7.75 ± 3.01 | 8.75 ± 2.67 | 0.39 | 10.23 ± 2.96 | 11.32 ± 3.1 | 0.39 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 1826 | 77.1 ± 11 | 76.1 ± 7.8 | 0.43 | 78.6 ± 12.6 | 77 ± 12.3 | 0.18 | 1355 | 88 ± 13 | 87 ± 14.6 | 0.44 | 90.3 ± 13.5 | 87.7 ± 14.3 | 0.013 |
γ-glutamyltransf (U/L) | 984 | 24.7 ± 1.78 | 22.5 ± 1.94 | 0.32 | 16.5 ± 1.80 | 19.2 ± 1.80 | 0.13 | 750 | 29.7 ± 1.85 | 27.6 ± 1.84 | 0.33 | 19.9 ± 1.88 | 21.1 ± 1.93 | 0.40 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1060 | 0.977 ± 0.18 | 0.963 ± 0.17 | 0.63 | 0.783 ± 0.31 | 0.75 ± 0.12 | 0.51 | 745 | 1.04 ± 0.25 | 0.96 ± 0.18 | 0.64 | 0.808 ± .19 | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 0.023 |
Smoking; curr., fast (%) | 1800 | 58.9 ± 18.9 | 55.3 ± 21.1 | 0.82 | 21.9 ± 4 | 26.3 ± 6.6 | 0.33 | 1331 | 46 ± 25.6 | 37.7 ± 27.5 | 0.82 | 11.5 ± 3.8 | 15.7 ± 4.3 | 0.24 |
Table 2 Linear regression analysis for serum lipoprotein(a), by gender
Men (n = 165) | Women (n = 173) | |||||
β | SE | P value | β | SE | P value | |
Age (11 yr) | 1.05 | 1.11 | 0.59 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 0.007 |
Fasting glucose (24 mg/dL) | 0.82 | 1.12 | 0.14 | 0.66 | 1.18 | 0.018 |
Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 0.82 | 1.28 | 0.43 | 0.75 | 1.32 | 0.31 |
Apo A-I/HDL-chol ratio (1 U) | 1.06 | 1.09 | 0.48 | 1.08 | 1.09 | 0.40 |
R2 = 0.01; P = 0.45 | R2 = 0.06; P = 0.014 |
Table 3 Cox regression analysis for incident diabetes, by gender, in the whole sample and in subjects free of metabolic syndrome
Whole sample | With MetS | |||||||||||
Total, n = 238/23821 | Men, n = 130/1140 | Women, n = 108/1242 | Total, n= 75/13601 | Men, n = 49/6871 | Women, n = 26/6731 | |||||||
HR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | |
Sex (female) | 0.53 | 0.38; 0.75 | 0.33 | 0.18-0.61 | ||||||||
Age (11 yr) | 1.10 | 0.97-1.26 | 1.19 | 1.00-1.41 | 1.00 | 0.82-1.23 | 1.13 | 0.90-1.40 | 1.14 | 0.87-1.48 | 1.09 | 0.73-1.62 |
IFG vs normoglycemia | 2.83 | 2.17-3.71 | 2.65 | 1.82-3.86 | 3.10 | 2.10-4.58 | 2.06 | 1.04-4.06 | 2.59 | 1.19-5.64 | 1.38 | 0.32-5.97 |
Body m. index (5 kg/m2) | 1.74 | 1.53-1.98 | 1.91 | 1.55-2.34 | 1.64 | 1.39-1.94 | 1.77 | 1.34-2.33 | 1.86 | 1.24-2.78 | 1.70 | 1.18-2.46 |
HDL-cholest (12 mg/dL) | 0.95 | 0.82-1.10 | 0.99 | 0.79-1.22 | 0.92 | 0.75-1.13 | 1.05 | 0.83-1.31 | 1.10 | 0.85-1.41 | 0.96 | 0.66-1.43 |
Statin usage | 1.25 | 0.59-2.68 | 2.62 | 0.96-7.18 | 0.76 | 0.24-2.43 | 2.13 | 0.49-9.26 | 7.63 | 1.66-35.2 | 0 | few users |
Antihypertensive drugs | 1.18 | 0.85-1.64 | 1.32 | 0.81-2.14 | 1.12 | 0.71-1.76 | 1.70 | 0.84-3.42 | 2.19 | 0.88-5.44 | 1.32 | 0.46-3.82 |
Current vs never smoking | 1.04 | 0.73-1.47 | 1.11 | 0.72-1.71 | 0.86 | 0.47-1.59 | 0.67 | 0.37-1.23 | 0.85 | 0.42-1.73 | 0.20 | 0.03-1.48 |
Former vs never smoking | 1.38 | 0.93-2.05 | 1.24 | 0.79-1.97 | 1.98 | 0.86-4.54 | 1.24 | 0.63-2.44 | 1.25 | 0.58-2.70 | 1.47 | 0.20-11.0 |
Table 4 Cox regression analysis for incident coronary heart disease of impaired fasting glucose, by presence of metabolic syndrome and gender
Whole sample | Without MetS | With MetS | ||||||||||||||||
Total,n = 359/271812 | Men,n = 175/13242 | Women,n = 184/13942 | Total,n = 133/15691 | Men,n = 74/795 | Women,n = 59/7741 | Total,n = 226/11381 | Men,n = 101/524 | Women,n = 125/614 | ||||||||||
HR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | HR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | RR | 95%CI | |
Female sex | 0.94 | 0.72-1.22 | 0.82 | 0.54-1.27 | 0.98 | 0.70-1.38 | ||||||||||||
Age (11 yr) | 1.49 | 1.34-1.66 | 1.52 | 1.31-1.76 | 1.46 | 1.26-1.71 | 1.71 | 1.46-2.02 | 1.71 | 1.37-2.13 | 1.75 | 1.37-2.24 | 1.33 | 1.15-1.52 | 1.40 | 1.14-1.73 | 1.24 | 1.02-1.51 |
IFG (FG > 100 mg/dL) | 0.93 | 0.71-1.21 | 0.71 | 0.46-1.10 | 1.10 | 0.78-1.55 | 0.37 | 0.14-0.998 | 0.47 | 0.15-1.53 | 0.22 | 0.03-1.64 | 0.96 | 0.72-1.29 | 0.75 | 0.46-1.23 | 1.10 | 0.76-1.61 |
Non-HDL chol. (35 mg/dL) | 1.37 | 1.23-1.47 | 1.42 | 1.23-1.63 | 1.32 | 1.15-1.52 | 1.47 | 1.23-1.68 | 1.57 | 1.28-1.93 | 1.37 | 1.07-1.68 | 1.28 | 1.11-1.42 | 1.32 | 1.07-1.57 | 1.28 | 1.11-1.52 |
HDL cholest. (12 mg/dL) | 0.84 | 0.76-0.95 | 0.87 | 0.73-1.04 | 0.83 | 0.71-0.98 | 0.90 | 0.76-1.07 | 0.93 | 0.73-1.20 | 0.85 | 0.66-1.09 | 0.90 | 0.74-1.09 | 0.83 | 0.62-1.13 | 0.95 | 0.75-1.22 |
Systolic BP (25 mmHg) | 1.42 | 1.28-1.56 | 1.72 | 1.49-2.04 | 1.31 | 1.16-1.49 | 1.35 | 1.13-1.60 | 1.60 | 1.22-2.15 | 1.22 | 0.95-1.52 | 1.35 | 1.19-1.56 | 1.72 | 1.38-2.15 | 1.22 | 1.03-1.42 |
Current vs never smoking | 1.13 | 0.86-1.49 | 1.52 | 1.04-2.21 | 0.78 | 0.49-1.25 | 1.19 | 0.78-1.84 | 1.34 | 0.76-2.37 | 1.09 | 0.52-2.26 | 1.13 | 0.78-1.64 | 1.60 | 0.96-2.67 | 0.70 | 0.37-1.31 |
Former vs never smoking | 1.13 | 0.79-1.60 | 1.23 | 0.81-1.88 | 1.42 | 0.66-3.05 | 1.05 | 0.58-1.90 | 0.93 | 0.45-1.92 | 2.22 | 0.90-6.22 | 1.15 | 0.74-1.79 | 1.38 | 0.81-2.33 | 0.95 | 0.30-3.03 |
Table 5 Clinical significance of impaired fasting glucose in regard to cardiometabolic risk depending on presence of metabolic syndrome
- Citation: Onat A, Aydın M, Can G, Çakmak HA, Köroğlu B, Kaya A, Ademoğlu E. Impaired fasting glucose: Pro-diabetic, “atheroprotective” and modified by metabolic syndrome. World J Diabetes 2013; 4(5): 210-218
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v4/i5/210.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v4.i5.210