HLA-DQB1* alleles and genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Clinical and laboratory characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients

Characteristic	n (%)
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	12.52 ± 2.99
Age of presentation (mean ± SD, yr)	8.5 ± 3.1
Gender: mean/female	35 (41.2)/50 (58.8)
Weight (kg)	44.55 ± 14.51
Height (cm)	144.6 ± 15.55
Microalbuminuria
No	80 (94.1)
Yes	5 (5.9)
Frequency of DKA	1.22 ± 0.91
C-peptide (fasting)	0.34 ± 0.28
C-peptide (post-prandial)	0.58 ± 0.64
Serum cholesterol	163.95 ± 28.1
HbA1c	7.98 ± 1.59
Grades of HbA1c control1
Optimal/suboptimal	57 (67.1)
Poor	28 (32.9)

¹Optimal/suboptimal control < 8.5, poor control ≥ 8.5. DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis.

Table 2 HLA-DQB1 allele frequency in type-1 diabetes mellitus group vs control group n (%)

HLA-DQB1 allele	Patient (n = 85)	Control (n = 113)	OR	95% CI	P value	Pc value
02	68 (44.4)	38 (18.6)	3.5	2.19-5.65	< 0.001	< 0.001
0201	49 (32.0)	36 (17.6)	2.21	1.35-3.62	0.001	0.014
0202	19 (12.4)	2 (1.0)	14.4	3.3-62.8	< 0.001	< 0.001
03	63 (41.2)	50 (24.4)	2.17	1.38-3.41	< 0.001	< 0.001
030101	4 (2.6)	18 (8.8)	0.279	0.09-0.84	0.016	NS
030201	56 (36.6)	6 (2.9)	19.2	7.9-45.9	< 0.001	< 0.001
04	0	17 (8.3)	-	-	-
05	11 (7.2)	30 (14.6)	0.45	0.22-0.93	0.029	NS
050101	6 (3.9)	21 (10.2)	0.35	0.14-0.91	0.025	NS
050201	6 (3.3)	1 (0.5)	6.9	0.79-59.6	0.043	NS
06	11 (7.2)	70 (34.1)	0.15	0.07-0.29	< 0.001	< 0.001
060101	2 (1.3)	51 (24.9)	0.04	0.01-0.17	< 0.001	< 0.001
0603	4 (2.6)	-	2.37	2.1-2.7	0.020	NS
060401	4 (2.6)	1 (0.5)	5.48	0.6-49.5	0.090	NS

HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; OR: Odds ratio; NS: Not significant; Pc value: P value corrected for 14 comparisons. Significant P value if ≤ 0.05.

Table 3 HLA-DQB1 genotype¹ frequency in type 1 diabetes mellitus group vs control n (%)

HLA-DQB1 genotype	Patient (n = 85)	Control (n = 113)	OR	95% CI	P value	Pc value
02/02	14 (16.5)	3 (2.7)	7.23	2.01-26.1	0.001	0.01
02/03	38 (44.7)	8 (7.1)	10.61	4.56-24.5	< 0.001	< 0.001
02/04	-	7 (6.3)	1.01	1.02-1.18	0.01	NS
02/05	6 (7.1)	4 (3.5)	2.07	0.56-7.57	0.26	NS
02/06	6 (7.1)	16 (14.2)	0.46	0.17-1.23	0.16	NS
03/03	12 (14.1)	6 (5.3)	2.93	1.05-8.16	0.033	NS
03/05	4 (4.7)	8 (7.1)	0.65	0.19-2.23	0.48	NS
03/06	2 (2.4)	22 (19.5)	0.1	0.02-0.44	< 0.00	< 0.001
05/06	1 (1.2)	11 (9.7)	0.11	0.01-0.87	0.012	NS
06/06	2 (2.4)	16 (14.2)	0.15	0.03-0.65	0.004	0.04

¹Genotypes with frequency more than 5%. HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; OR: Odds ratio; NS: Not significant; Pc value: P value corrected for 10 comparisons. Significant P value if ≤ 0.05.

Table 4 HLA-DQB1 genotype¹ frequency in relation to grades of diabetic control n (%)

HLA-DQB1 genotype	Optimal control (n = 57)	Poor control (n = 28)	OR (95% CI)	P value
02/02	10 (65.9)	4 (60.5)	1.277 (0.36-4.49)	0.703
02/03	26 (34.1)	12 (39.5)	1.19 (0.45-2.78)	0.810
02/05	4 (39.4)	2 (28.9)	0.981 (0.18-5.71)	0.983
02/06	5 (53.0)	1 (63.2)	2.59 (0.29-23.35)	0.379
03/03	7 (7.6)	5 (7.9)	0.644 (0.19-2.25)	0.488
03/05	3	1	1.5 (0.15-15.11)	0.729
06/06	1	1	0.482 (0.03-8.01)	0.603

¹Genotypes with frequency more than 5%. HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; OR: Odds ratio. Significant P value if ≤ 0.05, Optimal/suboptimal control < 8.5, poor control ≥ 8.5.