Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults

doi:10.4239/wjd.v2.i1.8

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2011; 2(1): 8-15
Published online Jan 15, 2011. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i1.8

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects without metabolic syndrome and five-year occurrence rates of metabolic syndrome

Baseline data	Overall	Female	Male
	N = 1384	n = 388	n = 996
Measurements; mean (standard deviation)
Age (year)	32.3 (6.5)	32.8 (7.9)	32.1 (5.9)
Body weight (kg)^a	63.7 (10.9)	54.2 (8.0)	67.4 (9.6)
Body mass index (kg/m²)^a	23.0 (3.0)	22.0 (3.1)	23.4 (2.9)
Waist (cm)^a	75.6 (8.6)	68.5 (6.9)	78.3 (7.6)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)^a	117.0 (14.3)	111.5 (13.4)	119.2 (14.1)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)^a	71.7 (9.2)	68.6 (8.9)	72.9 (9.0)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	94.3 (13.2)	93.8 (8.2)	94.5 (14.8)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^a	102.5 (78.0)	75.1 (39.3)	113.1 (86.3)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a	50.5 (11.8)	55.6 (12.5)	48.6 (11.0)
Prevalent rates (%)
Central obesity	3.90%	4.60%	3.60%
Hyperglycemia	20.50%	20.10%	20.70%
High blood pressure^a	17.70%	8.50%	21.30%
Hypertriglyceridemia^a	13.70%	4.10%	17.50%
Low-HDL cholesterolemia^a	24.40%	35.30%	20.20%
Lifestyle
Physical exercise; ≥ 3 times a week^a	32.10%	25.50%	34.60%
Habitual drinker^a	7.20%	0.30%	9.90%
Having snacks before sleeping (≥ third a week)^a	39.50%	31.70%	42.50%
Having snacks between meals (≥ third a week)^a	46.50%	61.10%	40.90%
Ever been a smoker (yes vs no)^a	32.20%	5.20%	42.70%
MetS development within 5 years^a	12.60%	8.80%	14.20%

^aP < 0.01, t-test for continual variables between genders; χ2 test was conducted for categorical variables between genders; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 2 Summary of baseline characteristics of variables for the total population and five-year occurrence rates of metabolic syndrome according to the severity of weight gain (N = 1384)

Baseline data	WG within 5 years
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% ＜ %WG ≤5%	5% ＜ %WG ≤10%	%WG > 10%
	n = 341	n =337	n =387	n =391
Measurements; mean (standard deviation)
Age (year)^b	33.5 (6.8)	33.3 (6.4)	32.4 (6.4)	29.7 (5.7)
Body weight (kg)	64.4 (10.5)	63.9 (11.8)	63.6 (11.0)	62.9 (10.3)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	23.3 (2.8)	23.1 (3.0)	23.0 (3.2)	22.6 (2.9)
Waist (cm)	76.0 (8.2)	75.8 (8.9)	75.8 (9.1)	74.5 (8.0)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)^a	118.9 (14.5)	116.4 (14.4)	117.0 (15.0)	115.7 (13.3)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)^b	73.3 (9.4)	71.7 (9.3)	71.5 (9.8)	70.2 (7.8)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)^a	95.8 (15.1)	94.5 (7.9)	93.9 (7.4)	92.8 (19.5)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^b	115.4 (118.8)	105.5 (65.0)	98.8 (55.9)	89.9 (52.2)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	49.2 (11.0)	50.6 (12.7)	50.8 (12.6)	51.6 (10.7)
Prevalent rates (%)
Lifestyle factors
Physical exercise; > 3 times a week	34.90%	30.90%	31.30%	31.30%
Habitual drinker	6.20%	7.10%	8.50%	3.90%
Having snacks before sleeping (≥ third a week)^b	34.00%	35.90%	44.20%	43.30%
Having snacks between meals (≥ third a week)	46.60%	43.60%	47.00%	48.90%
Ever been a smoker (yes vs no)	31.10%	29.70%	33.10%	34.80%
MetS development within 5 years	9.10%^b	9.50%^b	15.80%^b	16.00%^b

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01; An ANOVA was conducted, adjusting for age, using a Tukey’s test. A trend test was conducted for categorical variables. WG: weight gain; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3 Summary of baseline characteristics of variables for female and male adults according to the severity of weight gain

Female N = 388
Baseline data	WG within 5 years
Baseline data	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG >10%
	n = 105	n = 100	n = 99	n = 84
Measurements; mean (standard deviation)
Age (year)	33.6 (8.7)	33.0 (7.4)	33.1 (8.1)	31.1 (7.0)
Body weight (kg)	55.3 (7.3)	53.0 (7.5)	53.5 (8.3)	55.3 (8.8)
Body mass index (kg/m²)^b	23.9 (2.7)	23.8 (2.8)	23.3 (3.0)	22.6 (2.8)
Waist (cm)	68.8 (5.9)	67.8 (6.4)	68.1 (7.9)	69.5 (7.2)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	112.2 (13.8)	109.7 (12.1)	113.2 (14.6)	110.6 (12.9)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	68.9 (9.0)	67.7 (8.8)	69.8 (9.6)	67.7 (8.1)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	94.0 (9.1)	94.7 (8.6)	94.2 (7.0)	91.9 (7.4)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	79.4 (38.3)	73.4 (33.6)	74.0 (33.1)	73.2 (51.9)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	53.2 (11.6)	57.1 (12.9)	56.4 (14.4)	55.6 (10.2)
Prevalent rates (%)
Lifestyle factors
Physical exercise; ≥ 3 times a week	25.70%	26.00%	23.20%	27.40%
Habitual drinker	1.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Having snacks before sleeping (≥ third a week)	28.60%	26.00%	44.40%	27.40%
Having snacks between meals (≥ third a week)	59.00%	55.00%	74.70%	54.80%
Ever been a smoker (yes vs no)	6.70%	3.00%	4.00%	7.10%

Male N = 996
Baseline data	WG within 5 years
Baseline data	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG > 10%
	n = 236	n = 237	n = 288	n = 235

Measurements; mean (standard deviation)
Age (year)^b	33.4 (5.7)	33.5 (6.0)	32.2 (5.7)	29.2 (5.0)
Body weight (kg)^b	68.5 (9.0)	68.6 (10.1)	67.1 (9.6)	65.6 (9.5)
Body mass index (kg/m²)	22.2 (2.8)	21.6 (2.8)	21.8 (3.5)	22.4 (3.1)
Waist (cm)^b	79.3 (7.0)	79.2 (7.5)	78.4 (7.9)	76.3 (7.5)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)^b	121.8 (13.8)	119.2 (14.3)	118.2 (14.9)	117.6 (13.0)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)^b	75.2 (8.9)	73.4 (8.9)	72.0 (9.8)	71.1 (7.6)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	96.6 (17.1)	94.4 (7.6)	93.8 (7.5)	93.2 (22.3)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)^b	131.5 (137.6)	119.1 (70.2)	107.3 (59.5)	95.9 (51.1)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)^a	47.4 (10.3)	47.9 (11.5)	48.8 (11.3)	50.1 (10.5)
Prevalent rates (%)
Lifestyle factors
Physical exercise; ≥ 3 times a week	39.00%	32.90%	34.00%	32.80%
Habitual drinker	8.50%	10.10%	11.50%	9.40%
Having snacks before sleeping (≥ third a week)^a	36.40%	40.10%	44.10%	48.90%
Having snacks between meals (≥ third a week)	41.10%	38.80%	37.50%	46.80%
Ever been a smoker (yes vs no)	41.90%	40.90%	43.10%	44.70%

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01, An ANOVA was conducted, adjusting for age, using a Tukey’s test. A trend test was conducted for categorical variables; WG: weight gain; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 4 Summary of five-year changes in metabolic syndrome-components for female and male adults and the occurrence rates of metabolic syndrome according to the severity of weight gain

Female N = 388
Follow-up changes (%)	WG within 5 years
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG > 10%
	n = 105	n = 100	n = 99	n = 84
△Central obesity^b	8.50%	16.00%	22.60%	32.80%
△High blood pressure	22.90%	28.70%	28.50%	37.00%
△Hyperglycemia	-3.40%	-4.20%	-3.10%	1.30%
△Hypertriglyceridemia^b	-0.40%	8.00%	15.60%	24.30%
△Low-HDL cholesterol^b	-14.40%	-17.70%	-5.90%	-6.00%
MetS Development within 5 years^b	5.70%	3.00%	14.10%	13.10%

Male N = 996
Follow-up changes (%)	WG within 5 years
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG > 10%
	n = 236	n = 237	n = 288	n = 235

△Central obesity^b	10.00%	3.00%	21.20%	40.50%
△High blood pressure^a	21.00%	20.00%	21.20%	19.00%
△Hyperglycemia	-8.00%	-11.00%	-5.10%	-2.40%
△Hypertriglyceridemia^b	2.00%	2.00%	8.10%	11.90%
△Low-HDL cholesterol^b	-34.00%	-24.00%	-24.20%	-7.10%
MetS development within 5 years	10.60%	12.20%	16.30%	17.00%

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01; An ANOVA was conducted, adjusting for age, using Tukey’s test. Δ: Differences between 2007 and 2002; minus indicates decreasing trend within follow-up; WG: weight gain; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 5 The adjusted risks for development of metabolic syndrome

WG severities	Odd ratio	95% CI
Total population
Mild WG (1% < %WG < 5%)	1.2	0.70 - 2.2
Moderate WG (5% < %WG < 10%)^b	3.0	1.80 - 5.1
Severe WG (%WG > 10%)^b	5.4	3.00 - 9.7
Female
Mild WG (1% < %WG < 5%)	0.9	0.20 - 4.5
Moderate WG (5% < %WG < 10%)^a	3.6	1.03 - 12.4
Severe WG (%WG > 10%)^b	5.5	1.40 - 21.4
Male
Mild WG (1% < %WG < 5%)	1.4	0.70 - 2.7
Moderate WG (5% < %WG < 10%)^b	3/0	1.60 - 5.5
Severe WG (%WG > 10%)^b	5.2	2.60 - 10.2

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.01; Adjusted variables were age, metabolic syndrome components and lifestyle and occupational factors; WG: weight gain.

Citation: Lin YC, Chen JD, Chen PC. Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults. World J Diabetes 2011; 2(1): 8-15
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v2/i1/8.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v2.i1.8