Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on the seasonality and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus: A nationwide cohort study

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 1 diagnosis cohort

Characteristic	Pre-COVID-19 period (n = 2176)	COVID-19 period (n = 348)	P value1	Overall (n = 2524)
Gender, male, n (%)	1132 (52)	186 (53)	0.6	1318 (52)
Ethnicity, Arab, n (%)	858 (39)	122 (35)	0.12	980 (39)
Age at diagnosis (years), median (IQR)	11.0 (7.0-14.0)	11.0 (8.0-13.0)	0.7	11.0 (7.0-14.0)

¹Pearson’s χ² test; Wilcoxon rank sum test; Wilcoxon rank sum exact test.

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 2 Correlation between type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence and respiratory viruses cases per week

Value	Total viruses	Adeno	Entero	Influenza A	Influenza B	Parainfluenza	HMPV	RSV	Rhino
Rho	0.193	0.196	0.045	0.196	0.165	0.151	0.032	0.130	0.077
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.343	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.001	0.49	0.006	0.107

HMPV: Human metapneumovirus; RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus.