Association of social determinants of health and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes in Colombia

Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics

Variable	n	Females, n = 288	Males, n = 295	Total, n = 583
Age, years	560	73 (62-80)	70 (58-80)	72 (60-80)
Weight, kg	469	67 (58-79)	73 (65-81)a	70 (60-80)
BMI, kg/m2	462	26 (23-32)	26 (23-28)	26 (23-30)
Disease duration, years	480	8.0 (2.0-15.8)	10.0 (3.0-17.0)	9.0 (3.0-16.0)
SBP, mmHg	483	130 (120-146)	132 (120-146)	131 (120-146)
HbA1c (%)	425	7.3 (6.2-9.2)	7.4 (6.2-8.9)	7.3 (6.2-9.0)
Total-C, mg/dL	278	166 (121-190)	143 (117-188)	156 (119-190)
LDL-C, mg/dL	245	92 (65-111)	78 (54-121)	82 (59-115)
HDL-C, mg/dL	244	42 (32-52)a	37 (31-45)	40 (32-49)
TG, mg/dL	267	155 (117-212)1	132 (100-191)	143 (107-200)

^aP < 0.05.

BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; Total-C: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.

Table 2 Social determinants

Variable	Females, n = 288	Males, n = 295	Total, n = 583
Place of residence (rural)	44 (15)	43 (15)	87 (15)
Forced displacement1 (yes)	38 (13)	27 (9)	65 (11)
Marital status
Single	45 (16)	27 (9)	72 (12)
Married	102 (35)	210 (71)a	312 (52)
Common-law	21 (7)	23 (8)	44 (7)
Widowed	120 (42)a	34 (12)	154 (26)
Monthly income per person, NMW2
0-1	132 (46)a	50 (17)	182 (31)
45691	114 (40)	141 (48)a	255 (44)
45753	21 (7)	70 (24)	91 (16)
> 6	15 (5)	26 (9)	41 (7)
Socioeconomic stratum
Low	98 (34)	83 (28)	181 (31)
Medium	173 (60)	183 (62)	359 (61)
High	16 (6)	24 (8)	40 (7)
Educational level
None	12 (4)	8 (3)	20 (3)
Primary	120 (42)a	64 (22)	184 (32)
Secondary	92 (32)	98 (33)	190 (33)
Technical	38 (13)	51 (17)	89 (15)
Professional	25 (9)	72 (24)a	97 (17)
Has caregiver (yes)	117 (41)a	90 (31)	207 (36)
Availability of physical activity spaces (no)	97 (34)a	64 (22)	161 (28)
Additional diabetes education (yes)	75 (26)	96 (33)	171 (29)

^aP < 0.05.

¹The need to migrate within the national territory, abandoning their residence because their life, physical integrity, personal security, or freedom have been violated or are directly threatened.

²In Colombia for 2022 the national minimum wage income was approximately 335 dollars.

Data are presented as n (%). NMW: National monthly minimum wage.

Table 3 History of macrovascular and microvascular complications

Variable	Females, n = 233	Males, n = 247	Total, n = 480
Coronary artery disease	46 (20)	78 (32)a	124 (26)
Cerebrovascular disease	19 (8)	12 (5)	31 (6)
Peripheral arterial disease	13 (6)	26 (11)a	39 (8)
Diabetic retinopathy	14 (6)	24 (10)	38 (8)
Diabetic retinopathy	17 (7)	25 (10)	42 (9)
Diabetic nephropathy	45 (19)	69 (28)a	114 (24)

^aP < 0.05.

Data are presented as n (%).

Table 4 Adjusted logistic regression model of social determinants and cardiovascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes

Reference	Variable	Coronary artery disease	P value	Cerebrovascular disease	P value	Peripheral arterial disease	P value	Diabetic retinopathy	P value	Diabetic neuropathy	P value	Diabetic nephropathy	P value
Rural	Place of residence (urban)	3.05 (1.01-9.20)	0.04	0.75 (0.15-3.60)	0.72	4.40 (0.57-34.47)	0.15	1.15 (0.32-7.16)	0.61	1.54 (0.42-5.63)	0.51	4.90 (1.34-18.04)	0.01
No	Forced displacement (yes)	0.97 (0.29-3.24)	0.78	3.96 (0.93-16.83)	0.06	0.35 (0.04-2.80)	0.35	1.76 (0.44-6.95)	0.40	0.31 (0.03-2.50)	0.31	0.85 (0.25-2.83)	0.70
Basic	Educational level (secondary or higher)	2.33 (1.14-4.72)	0.01	1.09 (0.32-3.72)	0.81	0.56 (0.24-1.32)	0.18	0.61 (0.23-1.62)	0.33	0.73 (0.31-1.70)	0.47	1.25 (0.63-2.50)	0.51
Single	Marital status (common-law)	4.01 (0.95-16.87)	0.05	0.84 (0.06-10.45)	0.89	1.36 (0.29-6.36)	0.69	1.36 (0.00-99.00)	0.98	2.12 (0.41-10.85)	0.36	1.05 (0.25-4.40)	0.94
High	Socioeconomic status (low)	0.65 (0.19-2.12)	0.47	2.07 (0.22-19.57)	0.52	0.65 (0.14-2.93)	0.57	4.36 (0.48-39.15)	0.18	0.42 (0.08-2.20)	0.30	0.51 (0.15-1.73)	0.28
	Socioeconomic status (medium)	0.63 (0.21-1.83)	0.39	0.77 (0.08-6.92)	0.82	0.83 (0.21-3.27)	0.79	1.86 (0.21-16.27)	0.57	1.32 (0.32-5.37)	0.69	0.65 (0.21-1.97)	0.55
Low	Income (medium)	0.95 (0.46-1.96)	0.89	0.58 (0.17-1.95)	0.38	0.45 (0.17-1.16)	0.09	0.50 (0.17-1.46)	0.20	1.01 (0.40-2.57)	0.97	1.02 (0.47-2.21)	0.94
	Income (upper-middle)	1.03 (0.41-2.54)	0.84	0.53 (0.10-2.81)	0.46	0.52 (0.15-1.79)	0.30	1.24 (0.37-4.13)	0.71	1.15 (0.36-3.67)	0.80	2.13 (0.85-5.13)	0.10
	Income (high)	1.62 (0.57-4.54)	0.35	0.00 (0.00-99.00)	0.99	0.64 (0.16-2.55)	0.53	0.26 (0.03-2.28)	0.22	0.51 (0.09-2.66)	0.42	0.78 (0.24-2.47)	0.67
Yes	Caregiver (no)	1.44 (0.73-2.81)	0.28	0.60 (0.19-1.88)	0.38	0.51 (0.22-1.17)	0.11	0.61 (0.23-1.60)	0.32	0.68 (0.29-1.56)	0.36	1.10 (0.56-2.16)	0.77
Yes	Availability for physical activity spaces (no)	1.20 (0.61-2.34)	0.58	4.05 (1.31-12.50)	0.01	1.58 (0.67-3.69)	0.28	2.28 (0.90-5.81)	0.08	1.58 (0.69-3.16)	0.27	0.66 (0.32-1.37)	0.27
No	Additional diabetes education (yes)	1.44 (0.77-2.66)	0.24	0.00 (0.00-99.00)	0.99	1.39 (0.62-3.11)	0.41	1.87 (0.76-4.57)	0.16	2.00 (0.92-4.34)	0.07	2.15 (1.14-4.05)	0.01