Case Control Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2025; 16(7): 107647
Published online Jul 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.107647
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population based on diabetes duration, n (%)/mean ± SD

New-onset (n = 706461)
< 5 yr (n = 508600)
5–9 yr (n = 423032)
≥ 10 yr (n = 467135)
P
Age (yr)52.98 ± 11.957.52 ± 11.160.56 ± 10.663.93 ± 9.9< 0.0001
Sex (male)481589 (68.2)299076 (58.8)246708 (58.3)264560 (56.6)< 0.0001
Smoking< 0.0001
    Non-smokers332142 (47.01)276207 (54.31)238244 (56.32)281535 (60.27)
    Ex-smokers157675 (22.32)112509 (22.12)95514 (22.58)105528 (22.59)
    Current smokers216644 (30.67)119884 (23.57)89274 (21.1)80072 (17.14)
Alcohol consumption< 0.0001
    None300444 (42.53)291682 (57.35)253053 (59.82)308113 (65.96)
    Mild311423 (44.08)170781 (33.58)134214 (31.73)128087 (27.42)
    Heavy94594 (13.39)46137 (9.07)35765 (8.45)30935 (6.62)
Regular exercise140064 (19.83)111534 (21.93)96503 (22.81)114805 (24.58)< 0.0001
Low income154498 (21.87)116919 (22.99)100476 (23.75)105547 (22.59)< 0.0001
Hypertension310325 (43.93)286258 (56.28)258243 (61.05)302440 (64.74)< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia272583 (38.58)317279 (62.38)260692 (61.62)286680 (61.37)< 0.0001
No. of oral GLD ≥ 3133 (0.02)85760 (16.86)130444 (30.84)226545 (48.5)< 0.0001
Insulin use623 (0.09)29453 (5.79)29086 (6.88)84052 (17.99)< 0.0001
BMI (kg/m2)25.74 ± 3.7425.74 ± 3.6225.25 ± 3.4124.52 ± 3.23< 0.0001
WC (cm)86.34 ± 9.2786.63 ± 9.1286.02 ± 8.8285.02 ± 8.61< 0.0001
Systolic BP (mmHg)129.33 ± 15.22127.23 ± 14.38127.75 ± 14.69128.15 ± 15.19< 0.0001
Diastolic BP (mmHg)80.45 ± 10.378.24 ± 9.5377.5 ± 9.4675.9 ± 9.51<.0001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)151.14 ± 41.23136.54 ± 43.02144.22 ± 47.37150.1 ± 52.12< 0.0001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)209.39 ± 41.85181.72 ± 41.28177.47 ± 40.03171.98 ± 38.99< 0.0001
HDL-C (mg/dL)52.46 ± 16.2750.72 ± 14.2550.69 ± 13.8350.37 ± 14.08< 0.0001
LDL-C (mg/dL)121.35 ± 38.42100.06 ± 36.7897.02 ± 35.6993.73 ± 34.61<.0001
Triglyceride (mg/dL)158.94 (158.72–159.16)137.31 (137.1–137.52)131.6 (131.39–131.82)122.67 (122.48–122.86)< 0.0001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)< 0.0001
    ≥ 90 427078 (60.45)291515 (57.32)219064 (51.78)201984 (43.24)
    60-90259089 (36.67)193292 (38)173265 (40.96)200657 (42.95)
    30-6018770 (2.66)21810 (4.29)27807 (6.57)55283 (11.83)
    < 30767 (0.11)904 (0.18)1442 (0.34)5010 (1.07)
    ESKD757 (0.11)1079 (0.21)1454 (0.34)4201 (0.9)
Table 2 Impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate on myocardial infarction based on diabetes duration
Diabetes durationeGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2nEvents (n)Incidence rate (per 1000 person-years)HR (95%CI)
Model 11
Model 22
Model 33
New-onset≥ 9042707841912.561 (Ref.)1 (Ref.)1 (Ref.)
60–9025908935303.541.384 (1.323-1.447)1.076 (1.028-1.126)1.067 (1.020-1.117)
30–60187705257.462.916 (2.663-3.193)1.520 (1.385-1.668)1.466 (1.336-1.609)
< 30767196.962.726 (1.737-4.278)1.523 (0.970-2.391)41.474 (0.939-2.314)4
ESKD757186.442.519 (1.585-4.002)1.916 (1.205-3.044)1.909 (1.201-3.034)
< 5 yr≥ 9029151537443.281.279 (1.224-1.336)1.103 (1.055-1.154)1.077 (1.029-1.126)
60–9019329232644.311.679 (1.604-1.758)1.150 (1.096-1.206)1.125 (1.072-1.180)
30–60218106617.953.104 (2.86-3.369)1.590 (1.461-1.730)1.522 (1.398-1.656)
< 309044012.474.888 (3.58-6.674)2.657 (1.945-3.629)2.431 (1.779-3.322)
ESKD10794812.254.805 (3.615-6.386)3.655 (2.749-4.860)3.262 (2.452-4.338)
5–9 yr≥ 9021906432903.841.498 (1.432-1.568)1.176 (1.122-1.232)1.098 (1.047-1.151)
60–9017326535385.232.039 (1.949-2.132)1.285 (1.226-1.347)1.207 (1.150-1.266)
30–60278079418.893.469 (3.232-3.724)1.716 (1.594-1.848)1.584 (1.470-1.706)
< 3014427715.115.926 (4.73-7.424)3.140 (2.504-3.937)2.756 (2.197-3.457)
ESKD14545911.134.359 (3.371-5.636)3.282 (2.537-4.245)2.764 (2.135-3.577)
≥ 10 yr≥ 9020198438034.871.904 (1.822-1.989)1.356 (1.296-1.419)1.158 (1.104-1.215)
60–9020065751046.622.585 (2.482-2.693)1.505 (1.440-1.573)1.283 (1.224-1.344)
30–6055283241011.754.597 (4.373-4.834)2.240 (2.122-2.366)1.835 (1.733-1.943)
< 30501042224.659.695 (8.772-10.716)5.039 (4.550-5.582)3.858 (3.476-4.281)
ESKD420131922.188.731 (7.792-9.784)5.721 (5.099-6.419)4.202 (3.737-4.725)
Table 3 Impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate on ischemic stroke based on diabetes duration
Diabetes durationeGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2nEvents (n)Incidence rate
(per 1000 person-years)
HR (95%CI)
Model 11
Model 22
Model 33
New-onset≥ 9042707846152.821 (Ref.)1 (Ref.)1 (Ref.)
60–9025908946274.651.650 (1.584-1.718)1.123 (1.077-1.170)1.111 (1.066-1.158)
30–601877082611.834.196 (3.897-4.519)1.578 (1.462-1.702)1.505 (1.395-1.624)
< 307674115.215.413 (3.980-7.361)2.215 (1.628-3.013)2.114 (1.553-2.876)
ESKD757238.212.913 (1.934-4.389)2.048 (1.360-3.086)2.057 (1.365-3.099)
< 5 yr≥ 9029151541853.671.297 (1.244-1.353)1.092 (1.047-1.139)1.087 (1.042-1.134)
60–9019329243445.752.031 (1.949-2.117)1.205 (1.154-1.258)1.200 (1.149-1.253)
30–6021810102012.354.374 (4.087-4.681)1.694 (1.580-1.817)1.651 (1.539-1.771)
< 309044814.935.312 (3.997-7.059)2.289 (1.721-3.043)2.150 (1.617-2.860)
ESKD1079348.633.072 (2.192-4.305)2.251 (1.606-3.155)2.105 (1.502-2.951)
5–9 yr≥ 9021906441714.881.726 (1.655-1.800)1.257 (1.204-1.311)1.188 (1.138-1.240)
60–9017326547207.002.474 (2.376-2.577)1.293 (1.239-1.349)1.228 (1.176-1.282)
30–6027807137313.074.625 (4.355-4.913)1.704 (1.600-1.815)1.597 (1.499-1.702)
< 30144210420.537.309 (6.018-8.877)3.012 (2.478-3.661)2.730 (2.246-3.319)
ESKD14547113.394.758 (3.764-6.015)3.403 (2.691-4.303)2.986 (2.361-3.778)
≥ 10 yr≥ 9020198450586.502.304 (2.214-2.398)1.445 (1.387-1.505)1.245 (1.193-1.300)
60–9020065773059.533.375 (3.253-3.502)1.561 (1.500-1.624)1.342 (1.287-1.399)
30–6055283317015.555.520 (5.276-5.776)1.988 (1.894-2.088)1.647 (1.565-1.733)
< 30501040523.578.412 (7.599-9.311)3.416 (3.081-3.787)2.689 (2.422-2.985)
ESKD420135624.798.863 (7.957-9.871)5.208 (4.672-5.807)3.948 (3.535-4.409)
Table 4 Impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate on death based on diabetes duration
Diabetes durationeGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2nEvents (n)Incidence rate
(per 1000 person-years)
HR (95%CI)
Model 11
Model 22
Model 33
New-onset≥ 9042707871354.331 (Ref.)1 (Ref.)1 (Ref.)
60–9025908975097.491.724 (1.669-1.780)0.957 (0.926-0.989)0.943 (0.913-0.975)
30–6018770176524.785.695 (5.406-5.999)1.406 (1.332-1.483)1.345 (1.275-1.420)
< 3076713348.2811.150 (9.392-13.236)2.800 (2.357-3.326)2.673 (2.250-3.176)
ESKD7576422.635.215 (4.077-6.670)2.839 (2.219-3.631)2.814 (2.200-3.600)
< 5 yr≥ 9029151564005.571.276 (1.234-1.320)1.056 (1.020-1.092)1.013 (0.979-1.048)4
60–9019329266148.661.980 (1.915-2.047)0.971 (0.938-1.005)40.932 (0.900-0.965)
30–6021810188122.335.110 (4.857-5.376)1.439 (1.365-1.516)1.339 (1.270-1.412)
< 3090413741.829.651 (8.15-11.429)2.787 (2.352-3.302)2.444 (2.063-2.897)
ESKD10799624.015.565 (4.550-6.807)3.307 (2.703-4.046)2.716 (2.220-3.324)
5–9 yr≥ 9021906456396.541.498 (1.446-1.551)1.000 (0.965-1.036)40.913 (0.881-0.947)
60–90173265730510.702.445 (2.367-2.526)1.003 (0.969-1.037)40.921 (0.889-0.953)
30–6027807268324.995.714 (5.466-5.974)1.514 (1.445-1.586)1.362 (1.300-1.428)
< 30144227552.8012.192 (10.808-13.753)3.548 (3.143-4.005)2.942 (2.605-3.322)
ESKD145418734.577.978 (6.900-9.224)4.685 (4.051-5.419)3.717 (3.213-4.301)
≥ 10 yr≥ 9020198466328.431.936 (1.872-2.002)1.006 (0.972-1.041)40.816 (0.787-0.845)
60–902006571111214.263.270 (3.174-3.368)1.091 (1.057-1.126)0.885 (0.856-0.915)
30–6055283609129.166.706 (6.480-6.939)1.688 (1.627-1.752)1.300 (1.250-1.351)
< 305010108160.8814.153 (13.276-15.087)4.115 (3.854-4.393)2.926 (2.738-3.128)
ESKD420181054.5612.711 (11.820-13.669)5.540 (5.147-5.963)3.629 (3.367-3.912)