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©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Diabetes. Jul 15, 2025; 16(7): 107647
Published online Jul 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.107647
Published online Jul 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.107647
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population based on diabetes duration, n (%)/mean ± SD
New-onset (n = 706461) | < 5 yr (n = 508600) | 5–9 yr (n = 423032) | ≥ 10 yr (n = 467135) | P | |
Age (yr) | 52.98 ± 11.9 | 57.52 ± 11.1 | 60.56 ± 10.6 | 63.93 ± 9.9 | < 0.0001 |
Sex (male) | 481589 (68.2) | 299076 (58.8) | 246708 (58.3) | 264560 (56.6) | < 0.0001 |
Smoking | < 0.0001 | ||||
Non-smokers | 332142 (47.01) | 276207 (54.31) | 238244 (56.32) | 281535 (60.27) | |
Ex-smokers | 157675 (22.32) | 112509 (22.12) | 95514 (22.58) | 105528 (22.59) | |
Current smokers | 216644 (30.67) | 119884 (23.57) | 89274 (21.1) | 80072 (17.14) | |
Alcohol consumption | < 0.0001 | ||||
None | 300444 (42.53) | 291682 (57.35) | 253053 (59.82) | 308113 (65.96) | |
Mild | 311423 (44.08) | 170781 (33.58) | 134214 (31.73) | 128087 (27.42) | |
Heavy | 94594 (13.39) | 46137 (9.07) | 35765 (8.45) | 30935 (6.62) | |
Regular exercise | 140064 (19.83) | 111534 (21.93) | 96503 (22.81) | 114805 (24.58) | < 0.0001 |
Low income | 154498 (21.87) | 116919 (22.99) | 100476 (23.75) | 105547 (22.59) | < 0.0001 |
Hypertension | 310325 (43.93) | 286258 (56.28) | 258243 (61.05) | 302440 (64.74) | < 0.0001 |
Dyslipidemia | 272583 (38.58) | 317279 (62.38) | 260692 (61.62) | 286680 (61.37) | < 0.0001 |
No. of oral GLD ≥ 3 | 133 (0.02) | 85760 (16.86) | 130444 (30.84) | 226545 (48.5) | < 0.0001 |
Insulin use | 623 (0.09) | 29453 (5.79) | 29086 (6.88) | 84052 (17.99) | < 0.0001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.74 ± 3.74 | 25.74 ± 3.62 | 25.25 ± 3.41 | 24.52 ± 3.23 | < 0.0001 |
WC (cm) | 86.34 ± 9.27 | 86.63 ± 9.12 | 86.02 ± 8.82 | 85.02 ± 8.61 | < 0.0001 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 129.33 ± 15.22 | 127.23 ± 14.38 | 127.75 ± 14.69 | 128.15 ± 15.19 | < 0.0001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.45 ± 10.3 | 78.24 ± 9.53 | 77.5 ± 9.46 | 75.9 ± 9.51 | <.0001 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 151.14 ± 41.23 | 136.54 ± 43.02 | 144.22 ± 47.37 | 150.1 ± 52.12 | < 0.0001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 209.39 ± 41.85 | 181.72 ± 41.28 | 177.47 ± 40.03 | 171.98 ± 38.99 | < 0.0001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.46 ± 16.27 | 50.72 ± 14.25 | 50.69 ± 13.83 | 50.37 ± 14.08 | < 0.0001 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 121.35 ± 38.42 | 100.06 ± 36.78 | 97.02 ± 35.69 | 93.73 ± 34.61 | <.0001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 158.94 (158.72–159.16) | 137.31 (137.1–137.52) | 131.6 (131.39–131.82) | 122.67 (122.48–122.86) | < 0.0001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | < 0.0001 | ||||
≥ 90 | 427078 (60.45) | 291515 (57.32) | 219064 (51.78) | 201984 (43.24) | |
60-90 | 259089 (36.67) | 193292 (38) | 173265 (40.96) | 200657 (42.95) | |
30-60 | 18770 (2.66) | 21810 (4.29) | 27807 (6.57) | 55283 (11.83) | |
< 30 | 767 (0.11) | 904 (0.18) | 1442 (0.34) | 5010 (1.07) | |
ESKD | 757 (0.11) | 1079 (0.21) | 1454 (0.34) | 4201 (0.9) |
Table 2 Impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate on myocardial infarction based on diabetes duration
Diabetes duration | eGFR, | n | Events (n) | Incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) | HR (95%CI) | ||
Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 33 | |||||
New-onset | ≥ 90 | 427078 | 4191 | 2.56 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
60–90 | 259089 | 3530 | 3.54 | 1.384 (1.323-1.447) | 1.076 (1.028-1.126) | 1.067 (1.020-1.117) | |
30–60 | 18770 | 525 | 7.46 | 2.916 (2.663-3.193) | 1.520 (1.385-1.668) | 1.466 (1.336-1.609) | |
< 30 | 767 | 19 | 6.96 | 2.726 (1.737-4.278) | 1.523 (0.970-2.391)4 | 1.474 (0.939-2.314)4 | |
ESKD | 757 | 18 | 6.44 | 2.519 (1.585-4.002) | 1.916 (1.205-3.044) | 1.909 (1.201-3.034) | |
< 5 yr | ≥ 90 | 291515 | 3744 | 3.28 | 1.279 (1.224-1.336) | 1.103 (1.055-1.154) | 1.077 (1.029-1.126) |
60–90 | 193292 | 3264 | 4.31 | 1.679 (1.604-1.758) | 1.150 (1.096-1.206) | 1.125 (1.072-1.180) | |
30–60 | 21810 | 661 | 7.95 | 3.104 (2.86-3.369) | 1.590 (1.461-1.730) | 1.522 (1.398-1.656) | |
< 30 | 904 | 40 | 12.47 | 4.888 (3.58-6.674) | 2.657 (1.945-3.629) | 2.431 (1.779-3.322) | |
ESKD | 1079 | 48 | 12.25 | 4.805 (3.615-6.386) | 3.655 (2.749-4.860) | 3.262 (2.452-4.338) | |
5–9 yr | ≥ 90 | 219064 | 3290 | 3.84 | 1.498 (1.432-1.568) | 1.176 (1.122-1.232) | 1.098 (1.047-1.151) |
60–90 | 173265 | 3538 | 5.23 | 2.039 (1.949-2.132) | 1.285 (1.226-1.347) | 1.207 (1.150-1.266) | |
30–60 | 27807 | 941 | 8.89 | 3.469 (3.232-3.724) | 1.716 (1.594-1.848) | 1.584 (1.470-1.706) | |
< 30 | 1442 | 77 | 15.11 | 5.926 (4.73-7.424) | 3.140 (2.504-3.937) | 2.756 (2.197-3.457) | |
ESKD | 1454 | 59 | 11.13 | 4.359 (3.371-5.636) | 3.282 (2.537-4.245) | 2.764 (2.135-3.577) | |
≥ 10 yr | ≥ 90 | 201984 | 3803 | 4.87 | 1.904 (1.822-1.989) | 1.356 (1.296-1.419) | 1.158 (1.104-1.215) |
60–90 | 200657 | 5104 | 6.62 | 2.585 (2.482-2.693) | 1.505 (1.440-1.573) | 1.283 (1.224-1.344) | |
30–60 | 55283 | 2410 | 11.75 | 4.597 (4.373-4.834) | 2.240 (2.122-2.366) | 1.835 (1.733-1.943) | |
< 30 | 5010 | 422 | 24.65 | 9.695 (8.772-10.716) | 5.039 (4.550-5.582) | 3.858 (3.476-4.281) | |
ESKD | 4201 | 319 | 22.18 | 8.731 (7.792-9.784) | 5.721 (5.099-6.419) | 4.202 (3.737-4.725) |
Table 3 Impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate on ischemic stroke based on diabetes duration
Diabetes duration | eGFR, | n | Events (n) | Incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) | HR (95%CI) | ||
Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 33 | |||||
New-onset | ≥ 90 | 427078 | 4615 | 2.82 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
60–90 | 259089 | 4627 | 4.65 | 1.650 (1.584-1.718) | 1.123 (1.077-1.170) | 1.111 (1.066-1.158) | |
30–60 | 18770 | 826 | 11.83 | 4.196 (3.897-4.519) | 1.578 (1.462-1.702) | 1.505 (1.395-1.624) | |
< 30 | 767 | 41 | 15.21 | 5.413 (3.980-7.361) | 2.215 (1.628-3.013) | 2.114 (1.553-2.876) | |
ESKD | 757 | 23 | 8.21 | 2.913 (1.934-4.389) | 2.048 (1.360-3.086) | 2.057 (1.365-3.099) | |
< 5 yr | ≥ 90 | 291515 | 4185 | 3.67 | 1.297 (1.244-1.353) | 1.092 (1.047-1.139) | 1.087 (1.042-1.134) |
60–90 | 193292 | 4344 | 5.75 | 2.031 (1.949-2.117) | 1.205 (1.154-1.258) | 1.200 (1.149-1.253) | |
30–60 | 21810 | 1020 | 12.35 | 4.374 (4.087-4.681) | 1.694 (1.580-1.817) | 1.651 (1.539-1.771) | |
< 30 | 904 | 48 | 14.93 | 5.312 (3.997-7.059) | 2.289 (1.721-3.043) | 2.150 (1.617-2.860) | |
ESKD | 1079 | 34 | 8.63 | 3.072 (2.192-4.305) | 2.251 (1.606-3.155) | 2.105 (1.502-2.951) | |
5–9 yr | ≥ 90 | 219064 | 4171 | 4.88 | 1.726 (1.655-1.800) | 1.257 (1.204-1.311) | 1.188 (1.138-1.240) |
60–90 | 173265 | 4720 | 7.00 | 2.474 (2.376-2.577) | 1.293 (1.239-1.349) | 1.228 (1.176-1.282) | |
30–60 | 27807 | 1373 | 13.07 | 4.625 (4.355-4.913) | 1.704 (1.600-1.815) | 1.597 (1.499-1.702) | |
< 30 | 1442 | 104 | 20.53 | 7.309 (6.018-8.877) | 3.012 (2.478-3.661) | 2.730 (2.246-3.319) | |
ESKD | 1454 | 71 | 13.39 | 4.758 (3.764-6.015) | 3.403 (2.691-4.303) | 2.986 (2.361-3.778) | |
≥ 10 yr | ≥ 90 | 201984 | 5058 | 6.50 | 2.304 (2.214-2.398) | 1.445 (1.387-1.505) | 1.245 (1.193-1.300) |
60–90 | 200657 | 7305 | 9.53 | 3.375 (3.253-3.502) | 1.561 (1.500-1.624) | 1.342 (1.287-1.399) | |
30–60 | 55283 | 3170 | 15.55 | 5.520 (5.276-5.776) | 1.988 (1.894-2.088) | 1.647 (1.565-1.733) | |
< 30 | 5010 | 405 | 23.57 | 8.412 (7.599-9.311) | 3.416 (3.081-3.787) | 2.689 (2.422-2.985) | |
ESKD | 4201 | 356 | 24.79 | 8.863 (7.957-9.871) | 5.208 (4.672-5.807) | 3.948 (3.535-4.409) |
Table 4 Impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate on death based on diabetes duration
Diabetes duration | eGFR, | n | Events (n) | Incidence rate (per 1000 person-years) | HR (95%CI) | ||
Model 11 | Model 22 | Model 33 | |||||
New-onset | ≥ 90 | 427078 | 7135 | 4.33 | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) | 1 (Ref.) |
60–90 | 259089 | 7509 | 7.49 | 1.724 (1.669-1.780) | 0.957 (0.926-0.989) | 0.943 (0.913-0.975) | |
30–60 | 18770 | 1765 | 24.78 | 5.695 (5.406-5.999) | 1.406 (1.332-1.483) | 1.345 (1.275-1.420) | |
< 30 | 767 | 133 | 48.28 | 11.150 (9.392-13.236) | 2.800 (2.357-3.326) | 2.673 (2.250-3.176) | |
ESKD | 757 | 64 | 22.63 | 5.215 (4.077-6.670) | 2.839 (2.219-3.631) | 2.814 (2.200-3.600) | |
< 5 yr | ≥ 90 | 291515 | 6400 | 5.57 | 1.276 (1.234-1.320) | 1.056 (1.020-1.092) | 1.013 (0.979-1.048)4 |
60–90 | 193292 | 6614 | 8.66 | 1.980 (1.915-2.047) | 0.971 (0.938-1.005)4 | 0.932 (0.900-0.965) | |
30–60 | 21810 | 1881 | 22.33 | 5.110 (4.857-5.376) | 1.439 (1.365-1.516) | 1.339 (1.270-1.412) | |
< 30 | 904 | 137 | 41.82 | 9.651 (8.15-11.429) | 2.787 (2.352-3.302) | 2.444 (2.063-2.897) | |
ESKD | 1079 | 96 | 24.01 | 5.565 (4.550-6.807) | 3.307 (2.703-4.046) | 2.716 (2.220-3.324) | |
5–9 yr | ≥ 90 | 219064 | 5639 | 6.54 | 1.498 (1.446-1.551) | 1.000 (0.965-1.036)4 | 0.913 (0.881-0.947) |
60–90 | 173265 | 7305 | 10.70 | 2.445 (2.367-2.526) | 1.003 (0.969-1.037)4 | 0.921 (0.889-0.953) | |
30–60 | 27807 | 2683 | 24.99 | 5.714 (5.466-5.974) | 1.514 (1.445-1.586) | 1.362 (1.300-1.428) | |
< 30 | 1442 | 275 | 52.80 | 12.192 (10.808-13.753) | 3.548 (3.143-4.005) | 2.942 (2.605-3.322) | |
ESKD | 1454 | 187 | 34.57 | 7.978 (6.900-9.224) | 4.685 (4.051-5.419) | 3.717 (3.213-4.301) | |
≥ 10 yr | ≥ 90 | 201984 | 6632 | 8.43 | 1.936 (1.872-2.002) | 1.006 (0.972-1.041)4 | 0.816 (0.787-0.845) |
60–90 | 200657 | 11112 | 14.26 | 3.270 (3.174-3.368) | 1.091 (1.057-1.126) | 0.885 (0.856-0.915) | |
30–60 | 55283 | 6091 | 29.16 | 6.706 (6.480-6.939) | 1.688 (1.627-1.752) | 1.300 (1.250-1.351) | |
< 30 | 5010 | 1081 | 60.88 | 14.153 (13.276-15.087) | 4.115 (3.854-4.393) | 2.926 (2.738-3.128) | |
ESKD | 4201 | 810 | 54.56 | 12.711 (11.820-13.669) | 5.540 (5.147-5.963) | 3.629 (3.367-3.912) |
- Citation: Choi HS, Kim B, Han KD, Suh SH, Kim CS, Bae EH, Ma SK, Kim SW. Impact of longer diabetes duration and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate on cardiovascular complications and mortality: A nationwide population-based study. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(7): 107647
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i7/107647.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i7.107647