Long-term risk of diabetes following hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study population, n (%)

	Before PSM				After PSM
	Pregnancy-induced hypertension (n = 159301)	Non-pregnancy hypertension (n = 503163)	SMD	P value	Pregnancy-induced hypertension (n = 159272)	Non-pregnancy hypertension (n = 159272)	SMD	P value
Age at index (mean ± SD)	27.7 ± 5.6	26.9 ± 5.5	0.147	< 0.001	27.7 ± 5.6	27.7 ± 5.6	0.001	0.898
Race
White	91079 (57.2)	261926 (52.1)	0.103	< 0.001	91061 (57.2)	91025 (57.2)	0.001	0.897
Black or African American	29538 (18.5)	74161 (14.7)	0.102	< 0.001	29527 (18.5)	29673 (18.6)	0.002	0.506
Asian	4128 (2.6)	20490 (4.1)	0.083	< 0.001	4128 (2.6)	4112 (2.6)	0.003	0.858
Lifestyle
Personal history of nicotine dependence	5366 (3.4)	11826 (2.4)	0.061	< 0.001	5361 (3.4)	5344 (3.4)	0.001	0.867
Alcohol abuse	94 (0.1)	259 (0.1)	0.003	0.256	94 (0.1)	72 (0.1)	0.006	0.088
Persons encountering health services for examinations	64133 (40.3)	199470 (39.6)	0.013	< 0.001	64120 (40.3)	64196 (40.3)	0.001	0.784
Comorbidities
Gestational Diabetes mellitus	12509 (7.9)	25732 (5.1)	0.111	< 0.001	12486 (7.8)	12450 (7.8)	0.001	0.812
Polycystic ovarian syndrome	3870 (2.4)	6079 (1.2)	0.091	< 0.001	3845 (2.4)	3796 (2.4)	0.002	0.57
Chronic kidney disease	298 (0.2)	460 (0.1)	0.026	< 0.001	295 (0.2)	276 (0.2)	0.003	0.426
Hyperlipidemia	1368 (0.9)	3777 (0.5)	0.048	< 0.001	1362 (0.9)	1314 (0.8)	0.003	0.351
Overweight and obesity	26168 (16.4)	44970 (8.9)	0.226	< 0.001	26139 (16.4)	26169 (16.4)	0.001	0.886

SMD: Standardized mean difference.

Table 2 Hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of diabetes, prediabetes and deceased according to the status of pregnancy-induced hypertension

	DM	Pre DM	Deceased
Pregnancy-induced hypertension status (n = 159272)1
Yes	5050 (3.2%)	4457 (2.7%)	981 (0.6%)
No	2797 (1.8%)	2932 (1.8%)	681 (0.4%)
HR (95%CI)	1.907 (1.821, 1.998)	1.610 (1.537, 1.687)	1.501 (1.361, 1.655)

¹Pregnancy-induced hypertension includes gestational hypertension, preeclampsia with or without severe features, eclampsia group.

DM: Diabetes mellitus; Pre DM: Prediabetes; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of diabetes, prediabetes and deceased according to the status of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia with or without severe features, eclampsia

	DM	Pre DM	Deceased
Gestational hypertension status (n = 145012)
Yes	4539	4001	797
No	2527	2624	647
HR (95%CI)	1.936 (1.844, 0.033)	1.658 (1.579, 1.742)	1.315 (1.185, 1.459)
Preeclampsia without severe features (n = 11660)
Yes	540	405	123
No	226	228	47
HR (95%CI)	1.971 (1.687, 2.303)	1.429 (1.214, 1.681)	2.133 (1.523, 2.988)
Preeclampsia with severe features (n = 12546)
Yes	483	419	98
No	258	281	44
HR (95%CI)	1.837 (1.579, 2.137)	1.465 (1.260, 1.705)	2.160 (1.513, 3.083)
Eclampsia (n = 6628)
Yes	258	199	87
No	137	154	26
HR (95%CI)	1.772 (1.440, 2.180)	1.181 (0.957, 1.458)	3.118 (2.011, 4.834)

DM: Diabetes mellitus; Pre DM: Prediabetes; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals for the risk of diabetes, prediabetes and deceased according to the status of pregnancy hypertension status with postpartum hypertension > 12 weeks or with aspirin prevention

	DM	Pre DM	Deceased
Pregnancy hypertension status with postpartum hypertension > 12 weeks (n = 5910)
Yes	457	419	74
No	186	209	24
HR (95%CI)	2.543 (2.144, 3.016)	2.073 (1.756, 2.448)	3.143 (1.983, 4.982)
Pregnancy hypertension status with aspirin prevention (n = 4374)
Yes	170	195	21
No	126	145	14
HR (95%CI)	1.736 (1.369, 2.201)	1.783 (1.429, 2.225)	2.133 (1.056, 4.311)

DM: Diabetes mellitus; Pre DM: Prediabetes; HR: Hazard ratio; CI: Confidence interval.