Effectiveness and safety of Tongxinluo capsule for diabetic kidney disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Sample size	Age (year)	Male/female	Intervention (s)	Comparators	Treatment duration	Stage of DKD	Outcomes
Shen and Sun[32]	E: 45; C: 45	E: 49.41 ± 3.31; C: 49.34 ± 3.23	E: 29/16; C: 28/17	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; irbesartan)	12 weeks	/	1, 4, 5, 8, 16, 17, 18, 19
Wei et al[33]	E: 69; C: 69	E: 54.8 ± 7.4; C: 55.3 ± 7.2	E: 37/32; C: 35/34	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; antihypertensive drugs other than ACEI/ARB; irbesartan)	12 weeks	III	7, 21, 22, 23
Yang[34]	E: 38; C: 38	E: 58.27 ± 7.16; C: 58.69 ± 8.03	E: 17/21; C: 18/20	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; irbesartan)	16 weeks	III	1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22
Chen et al[39]	E: 47; C: 47	E: 54; C: 50	E: 25/22; C: 24/23	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; enalapril)	4 months	/	1, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15
Sun and Huang[40]	E: 29; C: 25	E: 55.7 ± 6.9; C: 54.3 ± 5.6	E: 16/13; C: 12/13	TXLC 2 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; CCB)	2 months	III	3, 9, 10, 11
Zhao and Zhang[41]	E: 35; C: 28	E: 26-78; C: 24-76	E: 21/14; C: 17/11	TXLC 2 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; CCB)	8 weeks	IV	3, 6, 8, 9, 22
Cao et al[42]	E: 32; C: 32	E: 34-72; C: 35-69	E: 15/17; C: 14/18	TXLC 2 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; antihypertensive drugs other than ACEI/ARB)	8 weeks	III, IV	3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 13
Liang et al[43]	E: 27; C: 25	56 ± 13	/	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; irbesartan)	16 weeks	III	1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 16, 18, 19
Peng et al[44]	E: 23; C: 22	E: 56 ± 8.7; C: 57 ± 8.9	E: 17/6; C: 14/8	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; valsartan)	8 weeks	III	3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 17, 18, 19
Wang[45]	E: 32; C: 31	/	/	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; losartan)	12 weeks	/	1, 4, 5
Wang[45]	E: 32; C: 31	/	/	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; perindopril)	12 weeks	/	1, 4, 5
Chen and Feng[46]	E: 31; C: 30	E: 56.0 ± 8.7; C: 57.0 ± 8.9	E: 20/11; C: 17/13	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; fosinopril sodium tablets)	6 months	III	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8
Gu[47]	E: 38; C: 30	E: 56 ± 6; C: 59 ± 5	E: 20/18; C: 10/20	TXLC 2 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; captopril)	3 months	III	2
Guo[48]	E: 33; C: 28	E: 26-71; C: 28-72	E: 21/12; C: 17/11	TXLC 2 capsules tid + CT	CT (insulin; enalapril)	8 weeks	/	3, 4, 5, 9
Li et al[49]	E: 35; C: 35	E: 60 ± 7; C: 59 ± 8	E: 18/17; C: 17/18	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; enalapril)	14 weeks	III	2, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13
Huang et al[50]	E: 35; C: 34	E: 52.38 ± 9.2; C: 51.4 ± 8.9	E: 27/8; C: 24/10	TXLC 4 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; telmisartan)	10 weeks	III	3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 23
Mu et al[51]	E: 30; C: 30	E: 49 ± 9; C: 50± 9	E: 18/12; C: 16/14	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (metformin or gliclazide; valsartan)	6 months	III	3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 23
Bi et al[52]	E: 30; C: 30	E: 61 ± 5; C: 60 ± 4	E: 16/14; C: 15/15	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; ACEI/ARB)	12 weeks	III	3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 20
Li and Lv[53]	E: 45; C: 45	E: 54.4 ± 3.2; C: 55.4 ± 3.9	E: 30/15; C: 29/16	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; irbesartan)	12 weeks	III	3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 23
Yan[54]	E: 180; C: 120	E: 55.3 ± 3.5; C: 54.4 ± 3.3	E: 100/80; C: 68/52	TXLC 2 capsules tid + CT	CT (insulin; valsartan)	1 months	/	1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Tian et al[55]	E: 50; C: 50	E: 52 ± 14.25; C: 53 ± 13.82	E: 22/28; C: 23/27	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (hypoglycemic drugs; antiplatelet agent; irbesartan)	12 weeks	III	1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 21, 22, 23
Tian et al[56]	E: 50; C: 50	E: 52 ± 11.97; C: 51 ± 12.14	E: 25/25; C: 24/26	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (insulin; antiplatelet agent; antihypertensive drugs)	12 weeks	IV	2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 20, 23
Zhang et al[57]	E: 50; C: 50	E: 51 ± 12.97; C: 50 ± 13.16	E: 21/29; C: 25/25	TXLC 3 capsules tid + CT	CT (insulin aspart 30 injection; ACEI/ARB/CCB; antiplatelet agent)	12 weeks	III	1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 23

Outcomes: 1: 24-hour urine proteinuria; 2: Urine microalbumin; 3: Urinary albumin excretion rate; 4: Serum creatinine; 5: Blood urea nitrogen; 6: β2-microglobulin; 7: Cystatin C; 8: Creatinine clearance rate; 9: Fasting plasma glucose; 10: 2-hour postprandial blood glucose; 11: Glycosylated hemoglobin; 12: Total cholesterol; 13: Triglycerides; 14: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 15: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; 16: Fibrinogen; 17: Plasma viscosity; 18: Whole blood low shear viscosity; 19: Whole blood high shear viscosity; 20: C-reactive protein; 21: Nitric oxide; 22: Endothelin-1; 23: Adverse events. E: Experimental group; C: Control group; TXLC: Tongxinluo capsule; CT: Conventional therapy; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin receptor antagonists; CCB: Calcium channel blockers.