Characteristic dysbiosis in patients with type 2 diabetes and hyperuricemia, and the effect of empagliflozin on gut microbiota

Table 1 Anthropometric and biochemical data of the study participates in case-control population, mean ± SD

	HC (n = 30)	T2DM (n = 30)	T2DM + HUA (n = 30)	P value (HC vs T2DM)	P value (HC vs T2DM + HUA)	P value (T2DM vs T2DM + HUA)
Age (year), medians IQR	36.5 (30.0, 48.0)	36.0 (30.0, 48.0)	35.5 (29.0, 48.0)	1.000	1.000	1.000
Male, n (%)	21 (70)	21 (70)	21 (70)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.33 ± 3.01	26.08 ± 3.41	27.96 ± 4.26	0.012	< 0.001	0.139
WHR	0.87 ± 0.07	0.93 ± 0.08	0.95 ± 0.07	0.007	< 0.001	1.000
SBP (mmHg), medians IQR	114.00 (110.00, 127.00)	125.00 (115.00, 135.00)	129.50 (120.00, 136.00)	0.032	< 0.001	0.203
DBP (mmHg)	73.43 ± 8.84	77.50 ± 9.96	81.73 ± 9.54	0.299	0.003	0.260
FPG (mmol/L)	5.01 ± 0.57	8.06 ± 3.33	8.20 ± 2.75	< 0.001	< 0.001	1.000
HbA1c (%), medians IQR	4.92 (4.60, 5.40)	6.90 (6.20, 9.25)	7.79 (6.32, 8.90)	< 0.001	< 0.001	1.000
TG (mmol/L), medians IQR	1.09 (0.93, 1.51)	1.56 (1.00, 2.77)	2.82 (1.49, 4.72)	0.085	< 0.001	0.004
TC (mmol/L)	4.47 ± 0.91	4.65 ± 0.86	5.05 ± 0.97	1.000	0.047	0.281
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.75 ± 0.59	2.60 ± 0.78	2.87 ± 0.69	1.000	1.000	0.415
HDL-C (mmol/L), medians IQR	1.26 (1.13, 1.52)	0.97 (0.85, 1.16)	0.89 (0.79, 1.07)	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.575
Creatine (μmol/L)	58.93 ± 10.45	55.24 ± 13.44	57.95 ± 13.09	0.767	1.000	1.000
UA (μmol/L), medians IQR	302.50 (263.00, 351.00)	288.50 (257.00, 325.00)	466.50 (422.00, 513.00)	0.543	< 0.001	< 0.001

IQR: Interquartile ranges; HC: Healthy control; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HUA: Hyperuricemia; BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist–hip circumference ratio; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; TG: Total triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: Uric acid.

Table 2 Anthropometric and biochemical data of patients received treatment of empagliflozin, mean ± SD

	Pre-empagliflozin (n = 9)	Post-empagliflozin (n = 9)	P value
Age (year), medians IQR	38.00 (34.00, 46.00)
Male, n (%)	8 (88.9)
BMI (kg/m2)	29.47 ± 3.34	28.14 ± 3.52	0.051
WHR	0.98 ± 0.04	0.96 ± 0.03	0.140
SBP (mmHg), medians IQR	122.00 (120.00, 124.00)	120.00 (119.00, 126.00)	0.171
DBP (mmHg)	77.67 ± 6.40	74.33 ± 7.45	0.224
FPG (mmol/L)	7.34 ± 1.44	7.13 ± 1.17	0.607
HbA1c (%), medians IQR	8.40 (7.90, 8.90)	6.60 (6.40, 6.90)	0.008
TG (mmol/L), medians IQR	2.81 (1.89, 3.20)	1.86 (1.62, 2.97)	0.051
TC (mmol/L)	5.21 ± 1.08	5.20 ± 0.97	0.981
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.82 ± 0.89	3.17 ± 0.76	0.231
HDL-C (mmol/L), medians IQR	0.87 (0.83, 1.18)	1.08 (0.87, 1.15)	0.342
Creatine (μmol/L)	62.56 ± 14.98	57.63 ± 10.23	0.271
UA (μmol/L), medians IQR	503.00 (477.00, 513.00)	370.50 (328.00, 423.00)	0.012

IQR: Interquartile ranges; HC: Healthy control; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; HUA: Hyperuricemia; BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist–hip circumference ratio; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; TG: Total triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; UA: Uric acid.