Role of duodenal mucosal resurfacing in controlling diabetes in rats

Table 1 Effects of the duodenal mucosal resurfacing procedure on glucose, lipid metabolism parameters, and intestinal hormones in type 2 diabetes rats, mean ± SE (n = 5-6 rats per group)

Variable	Preoperative			Postoperative week 3			Postoperative week 6
	NC	T2D + sham	T2D + DMR	NC	T2D + sham	T2D + DMR	NC	T2D + sham	T2D + DMR
Insulin (μIU/mL)	18.86 ± 1.34	13.24 ± 1.082	13.78 ± 1.361	19.49 ± 1.15	14.62 ± 1.501	15.79 ± 1.07	19.67 ± 1.02	12.76 ± 1.312	18.07 ± 1.045
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.39 ± 0.26	0.60 ± 0.132	0.59 ± 0.102	1.54 ± 0.25	0.66 ± 0.132	0.88 ± 0.152	1.52 ± 0.12	0.66 ± 0.162	1.03 ± 0.21
LDL-C (mmol/L)	0.96 ± 0.15	1.71 ± 0.231	1.67 ± 0.221	1.09 ± 0.16	1.68 ± 0.26	1.37 ± 0.20	1.06 ± 0.15	1.67 ± 0.231	1.10 ± 0.114
TG (mmol/L)	1.45 ± 0.19	2.15 ± 0.231	2.23 ± 0.261	1.60 ± 0.17	2.05 ± 0.21	1.87 ± 0.22	1.67 ± 0.19	2.37 ± 0.231	1.78 ± 0.144
TC (mmol/L)	1.67 ± 0.19	2.43 ± 0.211	2.45 ± 0.331	1.47 ± 0.25	2.39 ± 0.261	2.12 ± 0.25	1.76 ± 0.25	2.54 ± 0.141	1.74 ± 0.244
FFA (mmol/L)	0.51 ± 0.13	1.41 ± 0.212	1.42 ± 0.222	0.52 ± 0.06	1.30 ± 0.232	1.11 ± 0.101	0.51 ± 0.08	1.39 ± 0.282	0.98 ± 0.15
AST (U/L)	234.00 ± 28.21	314.50 ± 20.941	316.00 ± 21.491	222.17 ± 33.79	315.67 ± 28.901	304.67 ± 21.67	238.5 ± 24.66	325.17 ± 26.711	262.67 ± 19.49
ALT (U/L)	89.33 ± 14.19	169.17 ± 22.511	183.17 ± 25.082	88.67 ± 11.95	179.83 ± 20.492	156.33 ± 15.01	90.50 ± 12.86	181.33 ± 28.141	141.50 ± 21.61
GLP-1 (pg/mL)	2.37 ± 0.24	1.50 ± 0.171	1.48 ± 0.251	2.67 ± 0.15	1.62 ± 0.152	1.70 ± 0.222	2.63 ± 0.37	1.67 ± 0.151	2.30 ± 0.234
GIP (pg/mL)	103.36 ± 14.26	39.77 ± 4.553	40.90 ± 5.073	111.47 ± 17.48	40.34 ± 6.182	62.90 ± 7.891	97.89 ± 14.54	38.27 ± 7.262	72.74 ± 9.974
CCK (pg/mL)	26.61 ± 2.86	13.61 ± 2.432	15.52 ± 2.372	28.20 ± 3.21	15.02 ± 1.642	20.67 ± 1.931	28.32 ± 4.75	12.85 ± 2.561	22.92 ± 2.994

¹P < 0.05 vs normal control group.

²P < 0.01 vs normal control group.

³P < 0.001 vs normal control group.

⁴P < 0.05 vs type 2 diabetes-sham group.

⁵P < 0.01 vs type 2 diabetes-sham group.

One-way analysis of variance. DMR: Duodenal mucosal resurfacing; NC: Normal control; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; FFA: Free fatty acids; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; GIP: Gastric inhibitory peptide; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; CCK: Cholecystokinin.