Urgent call for attention to diabetes-associated hospital infections

Table 1 Research on diabetes mellitus and different HAIs

Type of HAIs	Primary disease	Results	Research type	Country	Ref.
NUTIs	-	The overall incidence of NUTIs in the diabetic group was significantly higher than in the non-diabetic group (13.67% vs 6.40%; P = 0.004)	Cross-sectional study	Pakistan	Ramrakhia et al[19]
	Undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer	DM with chronic complications is an independent risk factor of NUTIs	Retrospective study	United States	Kang et al[20]
	-	No significant association between DM and NUTIs	Retrospective study	France	Girard et al[21]
	-	DM was an independent risk factor for CAUTIs in elderly hospitalized patients	Case-control study	China	Shen et al[22]
HCAPs	-	A high mortality rate from HAPs was strongly correlated with DM	Prospective study	Egypt	Yakoub et al[30]
	-	The incidence of all types of pneumonia analyzed was significantly higher in patients with T2DM than in patients with non-T2DM	Retrospective study	Spain	Lopez-de-Andres et al[31]
	Acute cerebral infarction	HCAPs occurred in 80% of all patients with DM, which was significantly higher than that in non-DM patients (72.2%)	Retrospective study	China	Liu et al[32]
	Acute cerebral infarction	DM is not a risk factor for non-VAPs	Retrospective study	China	Yang et al[33]
	-	DM is not a risk factor for the development of HAPs or an increased mortality factor for HAP-related hospital complications	Meta-analysis	-	Vardakas et al[34]
	-	MDR bacteria-induced VAPs were not associated with DM	Meta-analysis	-	Hu et al[35]
	-	VAPs after cardiac surgery were not associated with DM	Meta-analysis	-	He et al[36]
SSIs	ACLR	DM may increase the risk of SSIs after ACLR	Meta-analysis	-	Zhao et al[40]
	HNC tumor resection	The risk of SSIs is more than 3 times higher in diabetic patients than in people without DM	Retrospective study	China	Gan et al[41]
	-	DM was an independent risk factor for SSIs for multiple surgical procedure types, and this association was highest for cardiac surgery compared with other types of surgeries	Meta-analysis	-	Martin et al[42]
	Noncardiac surgery	Glucose control in the first 24 hours after surgery was poor and the mean serum glucose concentrations of ≥ 150 mg/dL during this time were associated with increased rates of postoperative infectious complications	Meta-analysis	America	King et al[43]
NBSIs	-	A significant increase was noted in NBSIs and mortality in patients with DM, but DM was not an independent risk factor for NBSIs	Prospective observational study	Greece	Tsakiridou et al[37]
	-	Diabetic patients showed a 1.7-fold probability of developing ICU-acquired NBSIs compared to nondiabetic subjects	Prospective observational study	Greece	Michalia et al[48]
	-	CRBSIs in diabetic patients were 4.32 times higher than in non-diabetic patients	Prospective study	China	Jia et al[49]
	-	COVID-19 patients with DM were at higher risk of developing NBSIs	Descriptive cross-sectional study	India	Samantaray et al[50]
	-	DM was a predictor of shorter survival in patients with sepsis or septic shock	Prospective study	Germany	Schmidt et al[51]

HAIs: Healthcare-associated infections; DM: Diabetes mellitus; NUTIs: Nosocomial urinary tract infections; HCAPs: Health care-associated pneumonias; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; VAPs: Ventilator-acquired pneumonias; MDR: Multidrug-resistant; SSIs: Surgical site infections; ACLR: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; HNC: Head and neck cancer; HAPs: Hospital-acquired pneumonias; NBSIs: Nosocomial bloodstream infections; ICU: Intensive care units; CRBSIs: Catheter-related bloodstream infections; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.