Dapagliflozin in heart failure and type 2 diabetes: Efficacy, cardiac and renal effects, safety

Table 1 Results of propensity matching

Type	Exact matching	Fuzzy matching	Matching variable	P value	Fuzzy match attempt count	Incremental rejection percentage
Count	0	51	PS	0.02	1761	97.104

Table 2 Comparison of clinical characteristics between the two groups of patients

Clinical characteristics	Control group (n = 51)	Study group (n = 51)	χ2/t	P value
Gender
Male	31	28	0.362	0.547
Female	20	23
Age (yr)	70.86 ± 3.99	71.04 ± 3.19	-0.247	0.805
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	127.51 ± 12.03	126.71 ± 12.41	0.332	0.74
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	81.88 ± 6.98	81.47 ± 9.93	0.242	0.809
Heart rate (times/min)	80.20 ± 10.11	80.49 ± 10.76	-0.142	0.887
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)	8.12 ± 0.75	8.03 ± 0.79	0.606	0.546
2 h postprandial glucose (mmol/L)	11.30 ± 0.78	11.44 ± 1.04	-0.775	0.44
Glycated hemoglobin (%)	8.53 ± 0.54	8.42 ± 0.63	0.948	0.346
BMI (kg/m2)	23.20 ± 1.34	23.08 ± 1.81	0.393	0.696
NYHA score
III	32	33	0.042	0.837
IV	19	18
History of coronary heart disease
Yes	44	46	0.378	0.539
No	7	5
History of hypertension
Yes	33	28	1.02	0.313
No	18	23
Medications for heart failure treatmen
Spironolactone	44	48	1.774	0.183
Other	7	3
Glucose-Lowering agents
Acarbose	27	25	0.157	0.692
Other	24	26

BMI: Body mass index; NYHA: New York Heart Association.

Table 3 Comparison of patients' clinical outcomes, n (%)

Groups	Improvement	Effective	Ineffective	Overall efficacy rate
Control group (n = 51)	16 (31.37)	20 (39.22)	15 (29.41)	36 (70.59)
Study group (n = 51)	27 (52.94)	19 (37.25)	5 (9.81)	46 (90.19)
χ2				6.220
P value				0.013a

^aP < 0.05.

Table 4 Adverse effect counts, n (%)

Groups	Hypoglycemic reaction	Urinary tract infection	Gastrointestinal adverse effect	Respiratory distress	Vascular edema
Control group (n = 51)	3 (5.88)	2 (3.92)	3 (5.88)	1 (1.96)	2 (3.92)
Study group (n = 51)	2 (3.92)	1 (1.96)	1 (1.96)	2 (3.92)	3 (5.88)
χ2	0.210	0.343	1.041	0.343	0.210
P value	0.647	0.558	0.307	0.558	0.647

Table 5 Statistics on the incidence of adverse outcomes, n (%)

Groups	Cardiac death	Heart failure readmission	Total incidence
Control group (n = 51)	1 (1.96)	8 (15.68)	9 (17.64)
Study group (n = 51)	0	5 (9.80)	5 (9.80)
χ2	1.010	0.793	1.325
P value	0.315	0.373	0.250