Effects of exercise training on glucose metabolism indicators and inflammatory markers in obese children and adolescents: A meta-analysis

Table 1 Study characteristics of included trials

ID	Ref.	Yr and country	Case number: E/C	Intervention time	Exercise protocol	Control group	Outcomes
1	Peña et al[25]	2023, United States	40 [24 M/16 F] (13.4 ± 1.4)/24 [15 M/9 F] (13.2 ± 1.4)	6 months	AT	Usual care	IL-6; TNF-α
2	Nambi et al[47]	2022, Saudi Arabia	38 [M] (10.12 ± 1.2)/38 [M] (10.56 ± 1.4)	8 wk	AT + RT	Follow their regular physical activities and dietary patterns	IL-6; TNF-α; leptin; adiponectin
3	Meng et al[45]	2022, China	12 [M] (11.4 ± 0.8)/13 [M] (11.0 ± 0.7)	12 wk	AT + RT (HIIT)	No sports training; maintain normal daily life	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
4	Abassi et al[35]	2022, Tunisia	13 [F]/12 [F]	12 wk	AT + RT (HIIT)	Maintain usual dietary habits	CRP
5	de Souza et al[43]	2022, Brazil	22 [11 M/11 F]/20 [7 M/13 F]	12 wk	AT (Karate)	Receive weekly nutrition and psychological intervention	FBG; adiponectin
6	Duft et al[44]	2020, Brazil	18 [9 M/9 F] (14.44 ± 1.04)/19 [9 M/10 F] (14.72 ± 1.07)	12 wk	RT + AT	Maintain the same daily activities	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
7	Kim et al[26]	2020, United States	24 [F] (15 ± 1)/24 [F] (15 ± 1)	12 wk	AT (jump rope)	Not participating in any type of exercise program	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
8	Plavsic et al[49]	2020, Serbia	22 [F] (16.2 ± 1.3)/22 [F] (15.5 ± 1.5)	12 wk	AT + RT (HIIT)	Accept a standard, balanced, low-fat, and low-calorie diet. Received 4 to 6 (20-30 min) individual treatments from a nutrition specialist pediatrician within a period of 3 months	HOMA-IR
9	Abassi et al[36]	2020, Tunisia	8 [F] (16.5 ± 1.07)/8 [F] (16.9 ± 1.64)	12 wk	AT + RT (HIIT)	No exercise	FBG; FINS
10	Kelly et al[27]	2019, United States	13 [M] (15.29 ± 0.95)/13 [M] (15.58 ± 0.99)	16 wk	RT (Strength Training	No participation in any other research projects or organized exercise programs	FBG
11	Mohammadi Sefat et al[40]	2019, Iran	10 [F] (12.40 ± 1.71)/10 [F] (11.80 ± 2.20)	8 wk	RT + AT	No exercise training	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
12	Wong et al[23]	2018, United States	15 [F] (15.2 ± 1.2)/15 [F] (15.3 ± 1.1)	12 wk	RT + AT	No sports. Did not change dietary and sports habits	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR; CRP; leptin; adiponectin
13	Liu et al[46]	2018, China	30 [F] (14.6 ± 0.7)/20 [F] (14.7 ± 0.8)	4 wk	AT	Dietary change. Maintain inactive lifestyle	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR; IL-6; TNF-α; CRP; Leptin; Adiponectin
14	Dias et al[50]	2018, Australia	33 [16 M/17 F] (12.4 ± 1.9)/34 [15 M/19 F] (11.8 ± 2.4)	12 wk	RT + AT (HIIT)	Nutritional recommendations only	FBG; HOMA-IR
15	Zehsaz et al[41]	2017, Iran	16 [M] 10.8 ± 0.9/16 [M] 10.3 ± 0.9	16 wk	RT + AT	Avoid any activities that are different from their daily lives and do not change their diet	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
16	Son et al[28]	2017, United States	20 [F] (15 ± 1)/20 [F] (15 ± 1)	12 wk	RT + AT	Did not change dietary and sports habits	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
17	Racil et al[37]	2016, Tunisia	26 [F] (16.5 ± 1.2)/19 [F] (16.9 ± 1.0)	12 wk	RT + AT (HIIT)		FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR; leptin; adiponectin
18	Vasconcellos et al[48]	2016, Portugal	10 [8 M/2 F] (14.1 ± 1.3)/10 [6 M/4 F] (14.8 ± 1.4)	12 wk	AT (football game)	Did not change regular sports habits	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR; IL-6; TNF-α; CRP; leptin; adiponectin
19	Zehsaz et al[42]	2016, Iran	16 [M] (10.8 ± 0.9)/16 [M] (10.3 ± 0.9)	16 wk	RT + AT	Maintain current leisure time activities	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
20	Jeon et al[51]	2013, Korea	8/7	12 wk	RT + AT	No exercise	FBG; FINS; Adiponectin
21	Racil et al[38]	2013, Tunisia	11 [F]/12 [F]	12 wk	RT + AT (HIIT)	No exercise	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR; adiponectin
22	Ben Ounis et al[39]	2010, Tunisia	16 [8 M/8 F] (13.4 ± 0.4)/16 [7 M/9 F] (13.2 ± 0.6)	8 wk	AT	Maintain current level of physical activity	FBG
23	Murphy et al[29]	2009, United States	23 [mixed-gender]/12 [mixed-gender]	12 wk	AT (dance game)		FINS; HOMA-IR; IL-6; TNF-α; CRP; adiponectin
24	Davis et al[30]	2009, United States	17 [mixed-gender]/21 [mixed-gender]	16 wk	RT	Nutrition education onl	FBG; FINS; HOMA-IR
25	Benson et al[31]	2008, United States	32 [mixed-gender]/35 [mixed-gender]	8 wk	RT		FBG; FINS
26	Kelly et al[32]	2007, United States	9 [4 M/5 F] (10.8 ± 0.67)/10 [4 M/6 F] (11.0 ± 0.71)	8 wk	AT	Not participating in organized exercise	IL-6; TNF-α; CRP; leptin; adiponectin
27	Shaibi et al[33]	2006, United States	11 [M] (15.1 ± 0.5)/11 [M] (15.6 ± 0.5)	16 wk	RT	No extra exercise	FBG; FINS
28	Kelly et al[34]	2004, United States	10 [5 M/5 F] (11.0 ± 0.63)/10 [4 M/6 F] (11.0 ± 0.71)	8 wk	AT	Maintain current level of physical activity	FBG; FINS

E: Experimental; C: Control; M: Male; F: Female; AT: Aerobic exercise; RT: Resistance exercise; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; FINS: Fasting insulin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; CRP: C-reactive protein; HIIT: High-intensity interval training.