Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2024; 15(6): 1280-1290
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1280
Table 1 Clinical parameters of patients among normal controls, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without peripheral vascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral vascular disease
Clinical parameters
Normal controls (n = 63)
T2DM without PVD (n = 65)
T2DM with PVD (n = 57)
P value
Age, yr53.29 ± 7.5554.75 ± 7.7256.73 ± 7.760.053
Male, n (%)31 (49)38 (58)38 (67)0.103
Height, cm164.84 ± 7.07165.83 ± 8.61164.20 ± 6.980.492
Weight, kg63.56 ± 10.0968.95 ± 11.76a67.32 ± 11.350.021
BMI, kg/m223.33 ± 2.9124.97 ± 3.1224.89 ± 3.40a0.005
BSA, m21.67 ± 0.161.74 ± 0.191.71 ± 0.170.054
SBP, mmHg77.90 ± 0.5782.17 ± 10.81a80.18 ± 10.580.001
DBP, mmHg123.38 ± 11.12132.77 ± 16.29a130.70 ± 17.30a0.049
HR, bpm66.95 ± 8.6175.58 ± 9.91a74.80 ± 8.20a< 0.001
HbA1c, %5.48 ± 0.359.47 ± 2.39a9.94 ± 2.39a< 0.001
TC, mmol/L4.53 ± 0.854.36 ± 1.064.55 ± 1.030.550
TG, mmol/L1.30 (0.89, 1.80)1.52 (0.93, 2.43)1.64 (1.01, 2.07)0.073
HDL-C, mmol/L1.25 ± 0.331.08 ± 0.291.08 ± 0.340.013
LDL-C, mmol/L2.65 ± 0.702.58 ± 0.842.70 ± 0.830.729
LPA, g/L0.17 (0.09, 0.29)0.12 (0.06, 0.32)0.16 (0.09, 0.25)0.772
FPG, mmol/L4.99 (4.57, 5.28)10.02 (7.44, 13.64)a10.25 (8.29, 14.07)a< 0.001
BUN, mmol/L4.90 (3.60, 6.40)5.65 (4.70, 6.58)6.00 (4.70, 7.40)a0.015
SCr, μmol/L65.00 (56.00, 76.00)61.00 (51.75, 81.95)61.70 (52.20, 73.00)0.772
Medication (%)
ACEI/ARB-13 (20)12 (21)
Calcium channel blocker-10 (15)20 (35)
β-blocker-1 (2)2 (4)
SGLT-2 inhibitor-14 (22)19 (33)
Metformin-36 (55)36 (63)
Insulin-41 (63)42 (74)
Table 2 Echocardiographic parameters among normal controls, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without peripheral vascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral vascular disease
Echocardiographic parameters
Normal controls (n = 63)
T2DM without PVD (n = 65)
T2DM with PVD (n = 57)
P value
LAd, mm34.42 ± 2.7635.47 ± 3.2536.17 ± 3.82a0.015
IVSd, mm9.39 ± 0.749.20 ± 0.979.27 ± 0.970.477
LVPWd, mm9.05 ± 0.778.98 ± 0.999.13 ± 1.060.685
LVDd, mm46.35 ± 2.9745.42 ± 3.6046.60 ± 3.240.110
LVEDV, mL76.76 ± 14.8974.02 ± 16.7478.04 ± 15.980.358
LVESV, mL26.75 ± 6.5326.12 ± 7.1326.63 ± 6.470.857
LVEF, %65.19 ± 3.9864.98 ± 3.3965.81 ± 4.160.478
MAPSE, mm14.44 ± 1.4914.16 ± 1.8513.23 ± 1.87a,b0.001
E, m/s0.84 ± 0.130.75 ± 0.15a0.79 ± 0.13a0.001
A, m/s0.70 ± 0.150.74 ± 0.180.81 ± 0.17a,b0.002
E/A1.24 ± 0.281.08 ± 0.34a1.01 ± 0.27a< 0.001
e′, m/s0.11 ± 0.020.09 ± 0.02a0.09 ± 0.02a< 0.001
E/e′8.09 ± 1.548.66 ± 1.539.45 ± 1.92a,b< 0.001
Table 3 Layer-specific global longitudinal strain and peak strain dispersion among normal controls, type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without peripheral vascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral vascular disease

Normal controls (n = 63)
T2DM without PVD (n = 65)
T2DM with PVD (n = 57)
P value
P trend
GLSepi, %-18.65 ± 1.55-17.37 ± 1.85a-16.92 ± 2.21a< 0.001< 0.001
GLSmid, %-21.57 ± 1.81-19.98 ± 2.08a-19.47 ± 2.50a< 0.001< 0.001
GLSendo, %-25.03 ± 2.21-23.12 ± 2.43a-22.72 ± 2.85a< 0.001< 0.001
PSD, msec30.63 ± 7.2935.03 ± 10.81a39.37 ± 12.42a,b< 0.001< 0.001
Table 4 Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the detection the left ventricular systolic function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral vascular disease
ROC
GLSepi
GLSmid
GLSendo
PSD
Combined
Sensitivity, %50.8856.1466.1673.6875.44
Specificity, %85.7185.7177.7865.0877.78
Youden index0.36590.41850.40940.38760.5322
AUC (95%CI)0.735 (0.647-0.811)0.753 (0.666-0.827)0.750 (0.663-0.825)0.735 (0.646-0.811)0.801 (0.719-0.869)
Associated criterion-17.0-19.8-23.5320.44
P value0.0640.1270.1030.050
Table 5 Correlation test in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with peripheral vascular disease
Varibles
GLSepi
GLSmid
GLSendo
PSD
r value
P value
r value
P value
r value
P value
r value
P value
BMI0.0890.5100.0930.491-0.0090.945-0.0170.900
HbA1c-0.0110.9350.0280.839-0.0190.887-0.2250.095
TC0.1900.1580.1790.1820.0400.7670.2930.027
TG-0.1260.349-0.1530.257-0.1480.2710.0170.889
HDL-C-0.0330.812-0.0290.834-0.1650.2280.0930.499
LDL-C0.3400.0100.3270.0140.2040.1310.2900.030
LPA0.1590.2540.1340.3390.1840.187-0.1030.465
BUN0.2930.0330.2480.0740.1490.2870.2920.034
SCR0.3010.0270.2640.0530.1660.2310.2050.137
LVEF-0.4340.001-0.4390.001-0.447< 0.001-0.1090.420
MAPSE-0.2480.063-0.3130.018-0.2600.051-0.1110.411
Table 6 Intraclass correlation coefficients for intra- and inter-observer variability for layer specific global longitudinal strain and peak strain dispersion
Variable
Inter-observer variability
Intra-observer variability
ICC
95%CI
ICC
95%CI
GLSendo0.9550.887-0.9820.9640.910-0.986
GLSmid0.9630.906-0.9850.9700.924-0.988
GLSepi0.9600.900-0.9840.9700.925-0.988
PSD0.9560.889-0.9830.9790.946-0.992