Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2024; 15(6): 1263-1271
Published online Jun 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i6.1263
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study participates by quartiles of hemoglobin A1c
Variables
HbA1c quartiles
P value
Q1 (< 7.875), n = 32
Q2 (7.875-9.050), n = 33
Q3 (9.050-11.200), n = 32
Q4 (≥ 11.200), n = 33
Age (yr)63.5 ± 13.360.9 ± 9.759.5 ± 16.160.2 ± 13.00.640
Sex (male/female)18/14 (56.3/43.8)16/17 (48.5/51.5)20/12 (62.5/37.5)21/12 (63.6/36.4)0.582
Diabetes duration (yr)6.5 (3.0, 17.5)10 (6.5, 15.0)8.0 (1.3, 19.8)5.0 (1.0, 12.0)0.173
Height (cm)165.6 ± 8.1164.2 ± 8.8166.8 ± 9.0167.4 ± 6.60.392
Weight (cm)71.5 ± 11.570.9 ± 11.473.8 ± 18.371.4 ± 8.70.803
BMI (kg/m2)26.1 ± 3.726.2 ± 3.326.2 ± 4.525.4 ± 2.50.772
Neck line (cm)39.1 ± 3.538.2 ± 3.838.3 ± 4.038.4 ± 2.40.731
Waist line (cm)97.3 ± 8.995.0 ± 10.294.5 ± 11.194.7 ± 8.50.646
Hip line (cm)103.5 ± 8.3102.1 ± 8.8100.3 ± 9.7100.9 ± 8.70.492
WHR0.94 ± 0.050.93 ± 0.040.94 ± 0.050.94 ± 0.040.698
SBP (mmHg)132.8 ± 21.2139.1 ± 17.5132.6 ± 20.3134.3 ± 16.20.474
DBP (mmHg)77.2 ± 9.080.0 ± 8.278.3 ± 9.080.3 ± 8.00.415
mALB (g/L)11.0 (11.0, 41.5)11.0 (10.5, 50.0)32.5 (12.0, 123.5)20.0 (12.5, 53.5)0.031
TC (mmol/L)4.46 ± 1.014.70 ± 1.114.81 ± 1.295.00 ± 1.350.321
TG (mmol/L)1.54 (1.04, 2.32)2.17 (1.10, 2.93)1.81 (1.37, 3.83)1.37 (0.84, 2.28)0.044
HDL-C (mmol/L)1.25 ± 0.371.11 ± 0.321.10 ± 0.311.14 ± 0.310.274
LDL-C (mmol/L)2.83 ± 1.103.02 ± 1.022.89 ± 0.883.51 ± 1.150.037
HOMA-IR3.09 (1.69, 4.48)4.59 (3.07, 7.12)6.05 (4.34, 10.41)6.06 (3.62, 8.14)< 0.001
HOMA-β80.15 (35.79, 131.06)38.55 (21.90, 73.18)53.04 (22.48, 96.73)21.70 (10.86, 45.92)0.001
Complicated with hypertension (%)17 (53.1)21 (63.6)17 (53.1)18 (54.5)0.796
Complicated with CHD (%)20 (62.5)18 (54.5)23 (71.9)18 (54.5)0.429
Table 2 Neurotransmitter levels of participates by quartiles of hemoglobin A1c
NeurotransmittersHbA1c quartiles
P value
Q1 (< 7.875), n = 32
Q2 (7.875-9.050), n = 33
Q3 (9.050-11.200), n = 32
Q4 (≥ 11.200), n = 33
NAA/Cr (left hippocampus)1.43 (0.55, 2.58)0.74 (0.36, 1.72)1.02 (0.80, 1.99)1.60 (0.78, 3.10)0.082
Cho/Cr (left hippocampus)0.75 (0.42, 1.32)0.96 (0.51, 1.63)1.10 (0.29, 2.28)1.36 (0.68, 2.27)0.277
NAA/Cho (left hippocampus)1.27 (0.62, 4.48)1.02 (0.42, 1.61)0.83 (0.44, 2.88)0.95 (0.47, 1.81)0.529
NAA/Cr (left brainstem area)0.84 (0.33, 1.58)1.17 (0.63, 2.11)0.92 (0.30, 1.94)1.72 (1.04, 3.48)0.024
Cho/Cr (left brainstem area)1.13 (0.62, 2.04)1.55 (0.76, 3.44)1.54 (1.28, 2.82)1.74 (0.70, 2.49)0.299
NAA/Cho (left brainstem area)0.91 (0.32, 1.64)0.71 (0.47, 1.06)0.69 (0.31, 1.11)1.41 (0.82, 2.05)0.013
Table 3 Correlation between variables and hemoglobin A1c by Spearman correlation analysis
Variables
r
P value
Age (yr)-0.0630.474
Sex (male/female)-0.0820.351
Diabetes duration (yr)-0.1500.090
Height (cm)0.1130.201
Weight (cm)0.0570.518
BMI (kg/m2)-0.0460.605
Neck line (cm)-0.0870.327
Waist line (cm)-0.0910.303
Hip line (cm)-0.1350.126
WHR0.0110.897
SBP (mmHg)0.0280.753
DBP (mmHg)0.0930.294
mALB (g/L)0.2150.014
TC (mmol/L)0.1540.081
TG (mmol/L)-0.0360.686
HDL-C (mmol/L)-0.0960.275
LDL-C (mmol/L)0.2160.014
HOMA-IR0.345< 0.001
HOMA-β-0.316< 0.001
Complicated with hypertension (%)-0.0150.868
Complicated with CHD (%)-0.0160.860
NAA/Cr (left hippocampus)0.0900.310
Cho/Cr (left hippocampus)0.1680.056
NAA/Cho (left hippocampus)-0.0610.502
NAA/Cr (left brainstem area)0.2570.007
Cho/Cr (left brainstem area)0.1280.182
NAA/Cho (left brainstem area)0.1660.081
Table 4 Independent factors related to hemoglobin A1c by ordinal logistic regression analysis
Factors
OR (95%CI)
P value
mALB (g/L)1.000 (0.999-1.001)0.896
LDL-C (mmol/L)1.627 (1.119-2.370)0.011
HOMA-IR1.107 (1.031-1.188)0.005
HOMA-β1.000 (1.000-1.001)0.675
NAA/Cr (left hippocampus)0.998 (0.971-1.025)0.907
Cho/Cr (left hippocampus)0.997 (0.882-1.127)0.963
NAA/Cho (left hippocampus)0.907 (0.795-1.035)0.145
NAA/Cr (left brainstem area)1.006 (0.894-1.133)0.915
Cho/Cr (left brainstem area)1.000 (0.901-1.108)0.997
NAA/Cho (left brainstem area)1.608 (1.004-2.578)0.048