Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2024.
World J Diabetes. May 15, 2024; 15(5): 898-913
Published online May 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.898
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of healthy control and type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
ItemHC
T2DM without NAFLD
T2DM with NAFLD
F0-1
F2-4
n = 113
n = 134
n = 152
n = 94
n = 58
Age in yr59.65 ± 14.5460.06 ± 16.6053.61 ± 12.16a,b49.44 ± 10.3261.72 ± 10.48c
Sex, male, %69 (61.06)87 (64.93)102 (67.11)63 (67.02)39 (67.24)
Duration of diabetes, month/84.00 [27.00, 153.00]48.00 [2.00, 120.00]b36.00 [7.00, 93.00]84.00 [24.00, 144.00]c
SBP, mmHg128.00 [116.00, 132.00]130.00 [120.00, 138.50]130.00 [120.00, 140.00]130.00 [120.00, 138.00]130.00 [120.00, 140.00]
DBP, mmHg80.00 [74.00, 86.00]81.00 [75.00, 89.00]82.00 [76.00, 88.00]81.00 [80.00, 88.00]80.00 [76.00, 90.00]
BMI, Kg/m222.21 [21.54, 23.58]23.38 [21.59, 25.98]25.96 [23.76, 27.79]a,b26.39 [23.98, 29.37]25.96 [24.22, 26.70]
TyG index8.41 [8.21, 9.02]9.88 [9.43, 10.40]a10.21 [9.69, 10.71]a,b10.27 [9.82, 10.66]9.98 [9.57, 10.53]
FIB-4 index///0.85 [0.59, 1.02]1.79 [1.51, 2.13]c
HbA1c, %/9.00 [7.00, 10.50]9.10 [7.65, 10.60]9.15 [7.92, 10.60]8.60 [7.52, 10.47]
FPG, mmol/L5.21 [4.97, 5.83]8.05 [5.99, 11.02]a8.13 [6.67, 10.68]a8.63 [6.43, 11.32]7.86 [6.88, 9.84]
FC-P, ng/mL/1.33 [0.61, 2.17]1.85 [1.16, 2.79]b1.92 [1.16, 3.04]1.80 [1.41, 2.48]
2h C-P, ng/mL/2.83 [1.24, 5.00]4.13 [2.17, 6.23]b4.29 [2.10, 6.39]4.31 [2.34, 6.35]
TC, mmol/L4.44 [3.91, 5.19]4.19 [3.63, 4.97]4.62 [3.91, 5.44]b4.63 [4.01, 5.21]4.52 [3.69, 5.47]
TG, mmol/L1.17 [0.88, 1.79]1.35 [1.04, 1.98]a1.76 [1.29, 2.99]a,b1.95 [1.38, 3.08]1.56 [1.21, 2.46]
HDL-C, mmol/L1.24 [1.11, 1.42]1.07 [0.91, 1.28]a0.93 [0.82, 1.10]a,b0.92 [0.80, 1.08]0.98 [0.83, 1.17]
LDL-C, mmol/L2.70 [2.31, 3.32]2.77 [2.27, 3.28]2.94 [2.22, 3.67]2.94 [2.33, 3.59]2.98 [2.07, 3.75]
ALT, U/L14.10 [10.90, 21.42]14.10 [10.10, 20.50]25.00 [15.70, 36.30]a,b23.40 [15.17, 33.05]28.50 [15.90, 41.25]
AST, U/L15.45 [12.83, 19.25]15.20 [12.70, 19.30]18.90 [14.35, 25.85]a,b16.90 [13.80, 24.70]22.50 [16.27, 36.47]c
TBIL, μmol/L10.75 [7.45, 13.67]9.30 [7.60, 12.05]11.30 [8.65, 14.30]a,b10.95 [8.00, 14.07]11.70 [9.50, 14.77]
DBIL, μmol/L3.90 [2.92, 5.47]3.80 [2.95, 4.65]4.40 [3.45, 5.55]a,b4.25 [3.30, 5.20]4.85 [3.70, 6.10]c
IBIL, μmol/L5.95 [4.08, 8.05]5.70 [4.50, 7.45]6.90 [4.85, 8.50]a,b6.60 [4.45, 8.52]6.90 [5.62, 8.55]
UA, μmol/L277.00 [228.00, 330.00]287.00 [234.00, 347.00] 313.50 [247.25, 374.00]a,b315.00 [248.50, 376.25]315.50 [247.00, 356.50]
SCR, μmol/L66.00 [54.12, 75.55]67.35 [54.27, 79.55]64.20 [52.90, 77.48]65.20 [52.25, 80.10]65.70 [56.92, 79.12]
BUN, mmol/L5.42 [4.53, 6.34]5.54 [4.75, 6.47]5.38 [4.45, 6.06]5.41 [4.46, 6.00]5.36 [4.48, 6.45]
HT, yes, %/72 (53.73)73(48.03)42 (40.43)31 (57.45)
Metformin, yes, %/50 (37.31)60 (39.47)38 (43.63)22 (37.93)
Acarbose, yes, %/28 (20.90)26 (17.11)12 (12.77)14 (24.14)
Sulfonylureas, yes, %/15 (11.19)24 (15.79)11 (11.70)13 (24.41)
Glinides, yes, %/3 (2.24)10 (6.58)7 (7.45)3 (5.17)
TZDs, yes, %/3 (2.24)1 (0.66)1 (1.06)0 (0.00)
DPP-4 inhibitors, yes, %/13 (9.70)16 (10.53)10 (10.64)6 (10.34)
SGLT-2 inhibitors, yes, %/16 (11.94)14 (9.21)9 (9.57)5 (8.62)
GLP-1 agonists, yes, %/1 (0.75)1 (0.66)0 (0.00)1 (1.72)
Insulin, yes, %/35 (26.12)27 (17.76)16 (17.02)11 (18.97)
Statins, yes, %/12 (8.96)18 (11.84)11(11.70)7 (12.07)
Table 2 Association between unsaturated fatty acids and risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Characteristics
Univariate
Multivariable adjusted
OR
95%CI
P value
OR
95%CI
P value
MUFAs
C16:1 (≥ 12.90 μmol/L)2.2891.429-3.6960.001a1.9691.135-3.4390.016a
C18:11.0021.000-1.0040.032a1.0021.000-1.0040.100
C20:11.2701.071-1.5430.011a1.2241.006-1.5160.055
ω-3 PUFAs
α-C18:3 (≥ 9.21 μmol/L)2.0931.309-3.3710.002a1.7951.040-3.1130.036a
EPA1.1871.044-1.3760.014a1.2081.234-1.4480.006a
ω-3-C22:51.2391.066-1.4570.007a1.2621.051-1.5310.015a
ω-6 PUFA
γ-C18:31.3611.126-1.6940.003a1.3811.106-1.7830.008a
MUFAs ratio
ω-6/ω-30.9040.838-0.9690.006a0.9080.832-0.9860.026a
Table 3 Association between unsaturated fatty acids and risk of clinically significant fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
CharacteristicsUnivariate
Multivariable adjusted
OR
95%CI
P value
OR
95%CI
P value
ω-3 PUFAs
α-C18:31.0601.015-1.1160.017a1.0781.018-1.1530.018a
ω-3-C22:51.1930.992-1.4460.0641.1760.930-1.5040.181
ω-6 PUFA
γ-C18:31.4091.125-1.8790.009a1.5181.135-2.2280.013a