Construction and validation of a neovascular glaucoma nomogram in patients with diabetic retinopathy after pars plana vitrectomy

Table 1 Differences in clinical data between the neovascular glaucoma and No- neovascular glaucoma-groups

Data		NVG group (n = 21)	No-NVG group (n = 130)	χ2/t	P value
Sex, n (%)	Male	12 (57.14)	78 (60.00)	0.061	0.084
	Female	9 (42.86)	52 (40.00)
Age (mean ± SD, yr)		57.58 ± 8.12	55.21 ± 10.27	1.007	0.315
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2)		22.28 ± 3.16	22.24 ± 3.41	0.050	0.959
Diabetes duration (mean ± SD, yr)		10.23 ± 3.11	10.37 ± 3.46	0.174	0.861
Diabetes type, n (%)	Type 1	4 (19.05)	11 (8.46)	1.236	0.266
	Type 2	17 (80.95)	119 (91.54)
DR severity	Nonproliferative	8 (38.10)	64 (49.23)	0.899	0.343
	Proliferative	13 (61.90)	66 (50.77)
Complicated with hypertension, n (%)	Yes	14 (66.67)	59 (45.38)	3.279	0.070
	No	7 (33.33)	71 (54.62)
Combined hyperlipidemia, n (%)	Yes	13 (61.90)	61 (46.92)	1.624	0.203
	No	8 (38.10)	69 (53.08)
Preoperative intraocular pressure (mean ± SD, mmHg)		15.23 ± 2.81	15.26 ± 2.87	0.044	0.964
Operation time (mean ± SD, min)		125.42 ± 16.85	120.13 ± 15.73	1.416	0.158
Intraocular pressure 7 d after surgery (mean ± SD, mmHg)		19.15 ± 2.25	18.16 ± 2.41	1.762	0.080
Number of vitrectomies, n (%)	First time	15 (71.43)	110 (84.62)	2.206	0.138
	Not the first time	6 (28.57)	20 (15.38)
Intraocular filler, n (%)	Silicone oil	3 (14.29)	38 (29.23)	1.356	0.244
	BSS or gas fill	18 (85.71)	92 (70.77)
Combined cataract surgery, n (%)	Yes	12 (57.14)	52 (40.0)	2.176	0.140
	No	9 (42.86)	78 (60.0)
Posterior capsular integrity in combined cataract surgery, n (%)	Complete	15 (71.43)	128 (98.46)	6.441	< 0.001
	Defect	6 (28.57)	12 (9.23)
Ipilateral carotid artery stenosis ≤ 25.0%, n (%)	Yes	4 (19.05)	6 (4.62)	6.090	< 0.001
	No	17 (80.95)	124 (95.38)
Residual retinal non-perfusion area, n (%)	Yes	7 (33.33)	17 (13.08)	5.549	< 0.001
	No	14 (66.67)	113 (86.92)
Preoperative anti-VEGF drug therapy, n (%)	Yes	3 (14.29)	42 (32.31)	2.012	0.156
	No	18 (85.71)	88 (67.69)
Preoperative VEGF (mean ± SD, pg/mL)		312.01 ± 29.29	275.64 ± 36.92	4.297	< 0.001
HbA1C (mean ± SD, %)		9.31 ± 1.29	8.42 ± 1.07	3.434	< 0.001
Serum IL-6 (mean ± SD, pg/mL)		3.51 ± 0.67	3.15 ± 0.85	1.848	0.066
Serum IL-10 (mean ± SD, pg/mL)		2.62 ± 0.42	2.74 ± 0.57	0.923	0.357
Serum TNF-α (mean ± SD, pg/mL)		10.88 ± 3.41	9.52 ± 3.06	1.860	0.064
Aqueous IL-6 (mean ± SD, pg/mL)		54.54 ± 15.81	39.14 ± 11.10	5.526	< 0.001
Aqueous IL-10 (mean ± SD, pg/mL)		9.91 ± 2.77	7.94 ± 1.92	4.067	< 0.001
Aqueous TNF-α (mean ± SD, pg/mL)		5.00 ± 1.26	3.91 ± 0.75	5.499	< 0.001

NVG: Neovascular glaucoma; BMI: Body mass index; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; HbAlc: Glycosylated hemoglobin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor.

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of postoperative neovascular glaucoma in patients with diabetic retinopathy

Variables	β	SE	Wald χ2	P value	OR (95%CI)
Posterior capsular integrity in combined cataract surgery	2.474	1.045	5.608	0.018	11.868 (1.532-91.953)
Ipilateral carotid artery stenosis ≤ 25.0%	1.202	1.33	0.817	0.366	3.328 (0.245-45.148)
Residual retinal non-perfusion area	1.505	1.087	1.918	0.166	4.504 (0.535-37.904)
Preoperative VEGF	0.047	0.018	6.844	0.009	1.048 (1.012-1.086)
HbA1c	0.689	0.267	6.678	0.010	1.992 (1.181-3.361)
Aqueous IL-6	0.101	0.036	8.135	0.004	1.107 (1.032-1.186)
Aqueous IL-10	0.756	0.240	9.959	0.002	2.130 (1.332-3.406)
Aqueous TNF-α	0.304	0.466	0.426	0.514	1.356 (0.543-3.382)
Constant	-35.565	8.211	18.76	< 0.001	-

NVG: Neovascular glaucoma; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; HbAlc: Glycosylated hemoglobin; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.