Serum tumor markers expression (CA199, CA242, and CEA) and its clinical implications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

doi:10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.232

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Feb 15, 2024 (publication date) through Feb 18, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2024; 15(2): 232-239
Published online Feb 15, 2024. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.232

Table 1 General characteristics was compared between two groups

Variables	Control group (n = 51)	T2DM group (n = 82)	χ²/Z/t value	P value
Gender (male/female)	27/24	47/35	0.244	0.621
Age (yr)	57.98 ± 11.72	59.02 ± 11.58	0.503	0.616
ALT (U/L)	18.40 (13.20, 28.30)	18.75 (13.48, 30.93)	0.558	0.577
AST (U/L)	18.80 (11.80, 30.10)	16.25 (12.48, 24.80)	0.694	0.488
SUA (mmol/L)	312.51 ± 119.36	306.20 ± 102.97	0.323	0.747
Cre (mmol/L)	68.36 ± 27.54	70.16 ± 28.67	0.357	0.721
HbA1c (%)	5.30 (4.30, 6.60)	9.30 (8.18, 11.13)	9.013	0
FBG (mmol/L)	4.46 ± 0.89	10.08 ± 4.30	9.199	0
BMI (kg/m²)	25.15 ± 4.28BMI	25.55 ± 3.40	0.602	0.548
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.30 (1.90, 3.30)	2.34 (1.94, 3.23)	0.201	0.84
TG (mmol/L)	1.40 (1.10, 2.30)	1.81 (1.09, 2.68)	1.581	0.144
TC (mmol/L)	4.45 ± 1.39	4.46 ± 1.29	0.049	0.961

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; ALT: Alanine transaminase; AST: Aspartate transaminase; SUA: Serum uric acid; Cre: Creatinine; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: Fasting blood sugar; BMI: Body mass index; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol.

Table 2 Comparison of carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 199, cancer antigen 242 between two groups

Variables	Control group (n = 51)	T2DM group (n = 82)	Z value	P value
CEA	2.10 (1.40, 2.70)	2.70 (1.90, 3.65)	3.279	0.000
CA199	7.60 (4.40, 10.10)	11.30 (5.57, 22.13)	3.976	0.000
CA242	6.10 (3.10, 6.90)	6.25 (4.13, 9.20)	0.891	0.373

CA: Cancer antigen; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Factors	β value	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
FBG	1.155	0.378	9.330	0.002	3.173	1.513-6.658
HBA1C	1.517	0.443	11.739	0.001	4.560	1.914-10.863
CEA	0.312	0.147	4.505	0.034	1.366	1.024-1.822
CA199	0.034	0.011	9.554	0.002	1.035	1.013-1.057
CA242	0.145	0.115	1.585	0.208	1.156	0.923-1.448

FBG: Fasting blood sugar; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; CA: Cancer antigen; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

Table 4 Comparison of general clinical characteristics and tumor marks of different glycosylated hemoglobin % diabetes patients

Variables	Group A (HbA1c ≤ 9%) (n = 37)	Group B (HbA1c > 9%) (n = 45)	t/Z value	P value
Age (yr)	60.08 ± 9.58	58.16 ± 13.05	0.747	0.457
Gender (male/female)	21/16	26/19	0.009	0.926
Course of disease (yr)	6 (3.00, 10.50)	9 (4, 15.00)	1.627	0.104
BMI (kg/m²)	26.09 ± 2.66	25.11 ± 3.88	1.349	0.181
FBG (mmol/L)	8.41 ± 2.79	11.46 ± 4.84	3.386	0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.33 (1.93, 3.02)	2.38 (1.94, 3.32)	0.680	0.496
TG (mmol/L)	2.00 (1.23, 3.01)	1.57 (0.96, 2.61)	1.142	0.254
TC (mmol/L)	4.54 ± 1.02	4.40 ± 1.48	0.494	0.623
Cre (umol/L)	71.07 ± 19.33	69.40 ± 34.72	0.261	0.795
SUA (umol/L)	333.64 ± 99.56	283.64 ± 101.27	2.242	0.028
ALT (U/L)	17.30 (12.65, 28.75)	19.90 (14.05, 31.45)	0.778	0.437
CEA (ng/mL)	1.90 (1.20, 2.60)	3.40 (2.60, 5.25)	5.488	0.000
CA199 (U/mL)	7.60 (4.15, 10.60)	21.00 (11.85, 26.85)	4.795	0.000
CA242 (U/mL)	5.90 (3.85, 7.15)	6.50 (4.80, 9.30)	1.622	0.105

HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; BMI: Body mass index; FBG: Fasting blood sugar; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; Cre: Creatinine; SUA: Serum uric acid; ALT: Alanine transaminase; CA: Cancer antigen; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen.

Table 5 Correlation analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen, cancer antigen 199, cancer antigen 242 levels with glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting blood sugar and lipid metabolism in diabetes patients

Variables	CEA		CA199		CA242
Variables	r value	P value	r value	P value	r value	P value
HbA1c	0.308	0.000	0.426	0.000	0.551	0.000
FBG	0.236	0.033	0.231	0.037	0.298	0.006
LDL-C	0.138	0.216	0.238	0.032	0.240	0.030
TG	0.136	0. 222	0.105	0.346	0.051	0.649
TC	0.077	0.494	0.171	0.125	0.149	0.183

HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: Fasting blood sugar; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol.

Citation: Meng M, Shi LL. Serum tumor markers expression (CA199, CA242, and CEA) and its clinical implications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2024; 15(2): 232-239
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v15/i2/232.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i2.232