Emerging and multifaceted potential contributions of polyphenols in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Clinical trials and meta-analysis studies in the last five years supporting the roles of dietary polyphenols in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type of study	Beneficial effects	Ref.
Randomized clinical trial	Increased antioxidant capacity and antioxidant gap in T2DM patients	García-Martínez et al[195], 2023
Double-masked, cross-over, dietary intervention trial	Improvement of endothelial function in both healthy individuals and T2DM patients	Bapir et al[196], 2022
Meta-analysis	Improving HbA1c, and insulin levels in T2DM	García-Martínez et al[197], 2021
Randomized, clinical trial	Lowering fasting blood glucose levels in T2DM	Sirvent et al[198], 2022
Systemic review and meta-analysis	Reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose levels in T2DM patients	Gu et al[199], 2022
Systematic review and meta-analysis	Reduction of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels	Delpino et al[200], 2021
Randomized clinical trial	Improvement of glycemic control by reducing insulin resistance	Mahjabeen et al[201], 2022
Randomized clinical trial	Lowering effects on inflammatory status and oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetic patients	Grabež et al[202], 2022
Randomized clinical trial	Improvement of glycaemia markers	Gómez-Martínez et al[203], 2021
Systematic review and meta-analysis	Improvement of glycemic control and cardiometabolic parameters in patients with T2DM	Abdelhaleem et al[68], 2022
Meta-analysis	Reduction of insulin resistance, HbA1c levels and fasting blood glucose	Delpino and Figueiredo[204], 2022
Meta-analysis	Improvement of glucose control and lowering blood pressure	Nyambuya et al[205], 2020
Randomized clinical trial	Improvement of postprandial dyslipidemia and inflammation following a high-fat dietary challenge in adults with T2D	Davis et al[206], 2020
Meta-analysis	Significant reduction in CRP level in patients with T2D	Hosseini et al[194], 2021
Meta-analysis	Combined effects with anti-diabetic medication to lowering serum glucose levels in individuals with T2D	Raimundo et al[207], 2020
Randomized clinical trial	Improvement of glycemic control and lipid profile	Hoseini et al[208], 2019
Meta-analysis	Lowering fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR	Huang et al[209], 2019
Randomized clinical trial	Improvement of lipid profile and lowering serum biomarkers of inflammation	Adibian et al[210], 2019
Randomized clinical trial	Lowering postprandial hyperglycemia and serum biomarkers of inflammation	Schell et al[211], 2019
Randomized clinical trial	Lowering fasting blood glucose and improvement of lipid profile	Mollace et al[212], 2019
Systematic review and meta-analysis	Lowering the risk of T2D	Rienks et al[213], 2018
Randomized clinical trial	Reduction of plasma protein carbonyl content and increasing plasma total antioxidant capacity	Seyyedebrahimi et al[214], 2018

T2D: Type 2 diabetes; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; CRP: C-reactive protein; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.