Body composition and metabolic syndrome in patients with type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of type 1 diabetes with and without metabolic syndrome

Parameter	MS (-), n = 85	MS (+), n = 16	P value
Age (yr)	30.87 ± 16.44	31.50 ± 8.63	0.823
Duration	11.04 ± 9.17	12.96 ± 5.08	0.421
Male (%)	38 (44.71)	7 (43.75)	0.944
Smoking (%)	2 (2.35)	0 (0)	0.535
Drinking (%)	3 (3.53)	2 (12.50)	0.129
Family history of Diabetes (presence) (%)	17 (20.00)	11 (68.75)	< 0.001
Insulin regimen
Insulin pump	16	3	0.746
Basal-bolus insulin	66	13
Pre-mix insulin	3	0
Insulin dose (IU/kg)	0.86 ± 0.38	0.76 ± 0.27	0.775
Frequency of hypoglycemia (times/month)	2.89 ± 3.24	1.43 ± 1.46	0.082
SBP (mmHg)	120.92 ± 13.95	130.50 ± 11.49	0.011
DBP (mmHg)	79.45 ± 9.77	87.00 ± 6.71	0.004
BMI (kg/m2)	19.82 ± 2.57	27.13 ± 4.07	<0.001
Waist (cm)	66.91 ± 7.26	85.63 ± 10.42	< 0.001
ZnT8 (+) (%)	18 (21.18)	0 (0)	0.042
IA2 (+) (%)	29 (34.12)	3 (18.75)	0.225
GAD (+) (%)	37 (43.53)	3 (18.75)	0.063
TPOAb (+) (%)	52 (61.18)	2 (12.50)	0.009
HDL (mmol/L)	1.81 ± 0.48	1.29 ± 0.42	< 0.001
LDL (mmol/L)	2.69 ± 0.99	3.50 ± 0.90	0.003
TG (mmol/L)	0.83 ± 0.46	1.85 ± 0.88	< 0.001
CHOL (mmol/L)	4.73 ± 1.15	5.44 ± 1.24	0.029
UA (μmol/L)	317.72 ± 90.24	417.63 ± 128.40	< 0.001
FPG (mmol/L)	8.35 ± 4.20	8.51 ± 5.29	0.894
HbA1c (%)	7.34 ± 1.42	7.69 ± 1.91	0.388
eGDR	8.42 ± 1.88	4.02 ± 0.87	< 0.001

SBP: Significantly higher systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; BMI: Body mass index; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; TPOAb: Thyroid peroxidase antibody; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; UA: Uric acid; CHOL: Cholesterol; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; eGDR: Estimated glucose disposal rate.

Table 2 Comparison of body composition parameters between women and men in type 2 diabetes with and without metabolic syndrome

Parameter	Men with MS (n = 7)	Men without MS (n = 38)	Women with MS (n = 9)	Women without MS (n = 47)
Fat mass (kg)	20.50 ± 3.15	7.39 ± 3.25	25.47 ± 9.23	13.05 ± 4.24
bone mass (kg)	3.91 ± 0.26	2.94 ± 0.57	2.87 ± 0.40	2.49 ± 0.34
Protein mass (kg)	12.83 ± 1.01	9.05 ± 2.21	8.78 ± 1.58	7.32 ± 1.32
Water (kg)	45.53 ± 3.60	32.11 ± 7.87	31.16 ± 5.58	25.96 ± 4.65
Skeletal muscle mass (kg)	41.64 ± 3.30	29.38 ± 7.19	28.53 ± 5.09	23.74 ± 4.23
Fat-free mass (kg)	62.27 ± 4.88	44.12 ± 10.64	42.82 ± 7.54	35.78 ± 6.30
Body fat rate (%)	24.66 ± 2.38	14.06 ± 4.13	36.13 ± 5.83	26.26 ± 4.80
Visceral fat index	10.14 ± 1.13	5.46 ± 1.80	12.76 ± 2.86	8.13 ± 1.82
Trunk fat mass (kg)	10.26 ± 1.61	3.71 ± 1.61	12.76 ± 4.60	6.55 ± 2.13

All variables showed statistical differences between male and female groups and between groups with or without metabolic syndrome (P < 0.05). MS: Metabolic syndrome.

Table 3 Correlation analysis between body composition parameters and clinical variables in type 1 diabetes

	Visceral fat index		Trunk fat mass		Skeletal muscle mass
	r	P value	r	P value	r	P value
Age	0.197	0.048	0.263	0.008	0.278	0.005
Duration	0.235	0.018	0.253	0.011	0.043	0.688
SBP	0.164	0.105	0.211	0.036	0.395	< 0.001
DBP	0.196	0.052	0.233	0.020	0.369	< 0.001
LDL	0.374	< 0.001	0.352	< 0.001	0.111	0.267
HDL	-0.103	0.305	-0.122	0.224	-0.229	0.021
TG	0.342	< 0.001	0.344	< 0.001	0.193	0.053
UA	0.008	0.934	0.032	0.753	0.332	0.001
HbA1c	0.044	0.666	0.056	0.579	-0.057	0.574
Insulin dose	-0.093	0.355	-0.244	0.014	-0.397	0.451

SBP: Significantly higher systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; TG: Triglyceride; UA: Uric acid; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin.

Table 4 Risk factors for metabolic syndrome, hypertension and dyslipidemia in binary logistic regression (forward conditional)

	Factors	Regression coefficient	Standard error	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI for OR
							Lower	Upper
Metabolic syndrome	eGDR	-2.219	0.925	5.748	0.017	0.109	0.018	0.667
	Visceral fat index	1.264	0.582	4.714	0.030	3.539	1.131	11.077
	Family history of Diabetes	1.479	0.508	8.490	0.004	4.390	1.623	11.874
Hypertension	eGDR	-0.717	0.166	18.534	< 0.001	0.488	0.352	0.677
	Skeletal muscle mass	0.105	0.035	8.939	0.003	1.111	1.037	1.190
Dyslipidemia	Trunk fat mass	0.184	0.102	3.214	0.073	1.202	0.983	1.469
	eGDR	-0.346	0.166	4.332	0.037	0.708	0.511	0.980

Wald: A chi square value equal to the square of regression coefficient divided by its standard error. OR: Odds ratio; eGDR: Estimated glucose disposal rate.