Early neonatal complications in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus and the effects of glycemic control on neonatal infection

Table 1 Comparison of baseline data in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus between conforming glycemic control and non-conforming glycemic control groups

Groups	Cases	Age (yr)	BMI (kg/m2)	Type of pregnant woman, n (%)
				Primipara	Multipara
CGC group	178	30.05 ± 4.46	29.55 ± 2.82	109 (61.24)	69 (38.76)
NCGC group	58	29.47 ± 3.75	30.08 ± 2.57	34 (56.90)	25 (43.10)
t/χ2 value		0.893	1.270	0.344
P value		0.373	0.206	0.558

BMI: Body mass index; CGC: Conforming glycemic control; NCGC: Non-conforming glycemic control.

Table 2 Comparison of early neonatal complications between the gestational diabetes mellitus and control groups, n (%)

Complications	GDM group(n=236)	Control group(n=240)	χ2 value	P value
Premature birth	45 (19.07)	12 (5.00)	22.341	< 0.001
Fetal macrosomia	57 (24.15)	23 (9.58)	18.064	< 0.001
Hypoglycemia	42 (17.80)	7 (2.92)	28.53	< 0.001
Hypocalcemia	22 (9.32)	5 (2.08)	11.653	< 0.001
Hyperbilirubinemia	29 (12.29)	13 (5.42)	6.984	0.008
Polycythemia	38 (16.10)	22 (9.17)	5.195	0.023
Hyaline membrane disease	13 (5.51)	2 (0.83)	8.522	0.004
Fetal distress	34 (14.41)	6 (2.50)	21.917	< 0.001
Congenital malformation	11 (4.66)	1 (0.42)	8.723	0.003
Neonatal asphyxia	21 (8.90)	6 (2.50)	9.104	0.003
Neonatal infection	35 (14.83)	11 (4.58)	14.312	< 0.001

GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Comparison of blood glucose markers in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus between conforming glycemic control and non-conforming glycemic control groups

Groups	Cases	FPG (mmol/L)	P2h-PG (mmol/L)	HbA1C (%)
CGC group	178	4.68 ± 0.60	5.51 ± 0.85	5.11 ± 0.45
NCGC group	58	5.96 ± 0.68	7.14 ± 1.04	6.38 ± 0.74
t/χ2 value		13.645	11.979	15.691
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

CGC: Conforming glycemic control; NCGC: Non-conforming glycemic control; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; P2h-PG: 2 h postprandial blood glucose; HbA1_C: Hemoglobin.

Table 4 Comparison of CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and CD4⁺/CD8⁺ ratio between the two groups of neonates (mean ± SD, n)

Groups	Cases	CD3+ (%)	CD4+ (%)	CD8+ (%)	CD4/CD8
CGC group	178	52.01 ± 10.78	39.21 ± 7.80	25.69 ± 5.47	1.61 ± 0.54
NCGC group	58	45.25 ± 7.33	22.46 ± 5.48	19.42 ± 2.95	1.17 ± 0.33
t value		4.449	15.170	8.335	5.854
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

CGC: Conforming glycemic control; NCGC: Non-conforming glycemic control.

Table 5 Comparison of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin A levels between the two groups of neonates (mean ± SD, n)

Groups	Cases	IgG (g/L)	IgM (g/L)	IgA (g/L)
CGC group	178	9.78 ± 1.38	0.181 ± 0.043	0.31 ± 0.08
NCGC group	58	7.21 ± 1.32	0.173 ± 0.040	0.29 ± 0.07
t value		12.447	1.251	1.688
P value		< 0.001	0.212	0.093

IG: Immunoglobulin; CGC: Conforming glycemic control; NCGC: Non-conforming glycemic control.

Table 6 Comparison of white blood cell, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels between the two groups of neonates (mean ± SD, n)

Groups	Cases	WBC (×109/L)	PCT (μg/L)	CRP (mg/L)
CGC group	178	15.56 ± 5.47	0.43 ± 0.12	7.22 ± 2.07
NCGC group	58	25.80 ± 8.61	0.81 ± 0.24	12.38 ± 3.22
t value		10.618	15.920	14.212
P value		< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

WBC: white blood cell; PCT: procalcitonin; CRP: C-reactive protein; CGC: Conforming glycemic control; NCGC: Non-conforming glycemic control.

Table 7 Comparison of neonatal infections between the two groups, n (%)

Groups	Cases	Upper respiratory tract infection	Lower respiratory tract infection	Skin infection	Intestinal infection	Sepsis	Total
CGC group	178	10 (5.62)	4 (2.25)	1 (0.56)	2 (1.12)	0 (0.00)	17 (9.55)
NCGC group	58	7 (12.07)	3 (5.17)	2 (3.45)	5 (8.62)	1 (1.72)	18 (31.03)
χ2 value							15.985
P value							< 0.001

CGC: Conforming glycemic control; NCGC: Non-conforming glycemic control.