New environmental factors related to diabetes risk in humans: Emerging bisphenols used in synthesis of plastics

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for the analysis of academic literature

Criteria	Description
Inclusion criteria	Studies published in peer-reviewed journals
	Studies published as original article accepted and published
	Studies conducted in human populations, regardless of the population subgroup
	Studies focused on bisphenols, except BPA
Exclusion criteria	Reviews, hypotheses, proyect reports, letters or comments
	In vitro or in vivo study models
	Studies performed only on BPA, or on compounds other than bisphenols
	Studies not developed in diabetes

BPA: Bisphenol A.

Table 2 Characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Country	Poblation group	N	Age	Study period	Type of study
Kataria et al[32], 2017	USA	Healthy children	41 (19 males; 22 females)	10-13	2013-2014	Cross-sectional
Li et al[33], 2018	Saudi Arabia	Diabetic vs Control	54 (28 males and 26 females) vs 47 (20 males and 27 females)	28-68	2015-2016	Cross-sectional (case-control)
Duan et al[34], 2018	China	Diabetic vs Control	251 vs 251	D: 58 ± 10; C: 51 ± 10	2016-2017	Cross-sectional (case-control)
Zhang et al[35], 2019	China	Pregnant women	1841 (167 GDM and 1674 Non-GDM)	GDM: 30.07 ± 4.11; non-GDM: 28.44 ± 3.14	2013-2015	Prospective study
Lee et al[36], 2019	Korea	Premenopausal adult women	459	20-48	2015-2016	Cross-sectional
Rancière et al[37], 2019	France	Diabetic vs Control	201 vs 584	30-65	1994-1996 + 3, 6 and 9 years	Longitudinal study
van der Meer et al[38], 2021	Netherlands	Subjects with impaired fasting glucose (i.e., fasted glucose 6.1 mmol/L to 7.0 mmol/L)	500 (299 males and 201 females)	53.4 ± 10.3	2009-2013 and 2014-2015	Longitudinal study
Tang et al[39], 2023	China	GDM vs non-GDM pregnant women	100 vs 400	30.62 ± 6.46 vs 30.60 ± 6.41	From 2015	Cross-sectional (case-control)
Lee et al[40], 2021	USA	Diabetes-free women	1299	45-56	1999-2000, 2002-2003	Longitudinal study
Duan et al[41], 2021	China	Diabetic vs Control	60 vs 60	56 ± 7 vs 56 ± 7	2016-2017	Cross-sectional (case-control)
Moreno-Gómez-Toledano et al[43], 2022	USA	General population	3658 (641 diabetic)	Non-D: 41.11, D: 58.33	2013-2016	Cross-sectional
Zhu et al[44], 2022	USA	GDM vs non-GDM pregnant women	333	31.2 ± 4.6		Cross-sectional (case-control)

D: Diabetes; C: Control; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 3 Quantitative data of bisphenols analyzed

Biological fluid	Bisphenol analyzed	Analysis method	Detection frequency (%)	GM (95%CI)/median (IQR)
Urine	BPS/BPF	HPLC-MS/MS	-	2.06 (1.56-2.69)/0.141 (0.141-0.141)
Urine	BPF/BPS/BPAP	HPLC-MS/MS	D: 81.5/15.9/0.0; C: 48.9/0.0/17.0	D: 3.6/0.10/0.05
Urine	BPS/BPAF/BPF	HPLC-MS/MS	D: 68.1/57.4/26.3; C: 47.8/39.4/37.1	D: 0.199 (ND-0.56)/0.093 (ND-0.84)/ND (ND-0.12); C: ND (ND-0.25)/ND (ND-0.05)/ND (ND-0.23)
Urine	BPS/BPAF/BPF	UHPLC-TQMS	90.06/42.59/94.72	0.36 (0.33, 0.38)/0.030 (0.028, 0.031)/2.01 (1.75, 2.32)
Urine	BPS/BPF/BPB/BPAP	HPLC-MS/MS	83.7/3.7/1.3/4.8	0.08 (0.03-0.24)/-/-/-
Urine	BPS-glucuronide	HPLC-MS/MS	Baseline: 14; year 3:9	< LOD (< LOD-< LOD)
Urine	BPS/BPF	LC-MS/MS	Baseline: 13/55; follow-up: 18/53	Baseline: < LOD (< LOD-< LOD)/0.29 (< LOD; 0.81); follow-up: < LOD (< LOD; < LOD)/0.25 (< LOD; 0.77)
Serum	BPS/BPF/BPB	UPLC-MS	82.2/67.2/88.8	0.097 (0.050-0.107)/0.605 (> LOD-0.609)/0.236 (0.233-0.269)
Urine	BPF	HPLC-MS/MS	Baseline: 73.7; follow-up: 80.6	Baseline: 0.99 (2.86); follow-up: 1.11 (2.64)
Urine	BPS/BPF/BPAF	HPLC-MS/MS	D: 66.7/31.7/45.0; C: 40.0/40.0/41.7	D: 0.21 (ND-0.35)/ND (ND-0.23)/ND (ND-0.15); C: ND (ND-0.23)/ND (ND-0.31)/ND (ND-0.05)
Urine	BPS/BPF	HPLC-MS/MS	88.4/57.1	D: 0.59 (0.53-0.64)/0.43 (0.38-0.48); C: 0.50 (0.48-0.52)/0.41 (0.39-0.43)
Urine	BPS/BPF	HPLC-MS/MS	75.1-90.0/-	0.497 (0.436-0.559)/not calculated1

¹Not calculated because the proportion of results below limit of detection was too high to provide a valid result.

BPS: Bisphenol S; BPF: Bisphenol F; BPAF: Bisphenol AF; BPAP: Bisphenol AP; BPB: Bisphenol B; HPLC-MS/MS: High-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectroscopy; UHPLC-TQMS: Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS: Offline isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; D: Diabetes; C: Control; ND: Not Detectable; LOD: Limit of detection.