Type 2 diabetes and thyroid cancer: Synergized risk with rising air pollution

Table 1 Summary of the impact of sulfur dioxide on human health

Type of interaction	Ref. (PMID)
Sulfur Dioxide results in increased interleukin-6 production	20056584
Sulfur Dioxide affects the glucose metabolic process	26166095
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Sulfur Dioxide] which affects the regulation of heart rate	28129768
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Sulfur Dioxide] which affects the regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	27015811
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Sulfur Dioxide] which results in increased response to oxidative stress	27015811
Sulfur Dioxide results in decreased leukocyte homeostasis	30826618
Sulfur Dioxide decreases the respiratory system process	32000783
Sulfur Dioxide affects cytokine production involved in the immune response	32000783
[[TNF gene SNP affects the susceptibility to [[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Fuel Oils] which results in increased abundance of Sulfur Dioxide]] which results in increased tumor necrosis factor production] which results in increased secretion of TNF protein	24056475

Data source: The comparative toxicogenomic database (http://ctdbase.org/)[12].

Table 2 Summary of the impact of carbon monoxide on human health

Type of interaction	Ref. (PMID)
Carbon Monoxide inhibits the reaction [Rotenone results in increased apoptotic process]	23593279
Carbon Monoxide results in the decreased xenobiotic catabolic process	7908050
Carbon Monoxide inhibits the reaction [NADP results in increased oxidative demethylation]	8498088
[IL6 gene SNP results in increased susceptibility to Carbon Monoxide] which results in increased positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	19750100
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Carbon Monoxide] which results in decreased response to bronchodilator	26187234
Carbon Monoxide results in an increased inflammatory response	23717615
[Air Pollutants result in an increased abundance of Carbon Monoxide] which affects the regulation of blood pressure	28732501
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Carbon Monoxide] which affects the regulation of heart rate	28129768
Carbon Monoxide inhibits the reaction [HMOX1 protein affects the reaction [Ammonium Chloride inhibits the reaction [[TNF protein co-treated with Cycloheximide] results in decreased cell growth]]]	27867098
Carbon Monoxide inhibits the reaction [[TNF protein co-treated with Cycloheximide] results in decreased cell growth]	27867098
Carbon Monoxide results in decreased leukocyte homeostasis	30826618
Carbon Monoxide results in the decreased respiratory system process	31861594|32000783
Carbon Monoxide affects cytokine production involved in the immune response	32000783
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Carbon Monoxide] which affects T cell homeostasis	33603036
[Air Pollutants result in an increased abundance of Carbon Monoxide] which affects the regulation of blood pressure	33603036
[[[Vehicle Emissions results in increased abundance of Air Pollutants] which results in increased abundance of Carbon Monoxide] which results in increased membrane lipid catabolic process] which results in increased abundance of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha	34417545

Data source: The comparative toxicogenomic database (http://ctdbase.org/)[12].

Table 3 Summary of the impact of nitrogen dioxide on human health

Type of interaction	Ref. (PMID)
Regulation of inflammatory response	18560490
Regulation of gene expression	22306530
Glucose metabolic process	26166095
[Air Pollutants result in an increased abundance of NO2] which affects the regulation of blood pressure	27219456
[Nitrogen Dioxide results in decreased mitochondrial DNA metabolic process] which affects the expression of ND1 mRNA	26317635
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Nitrogen Dioxide] which affects DNA methylation on cytosine within a CG sequence	27448387
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which results in decreased hemoglobin biosynthesis	28153527
[[Vehicle Emissions results in increased abundance of Air Pollutants] which results in increased abundance of Nitrogen Dioxide] which results in increased positive regulation of interleukin-6/10/13/ tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production	28669936
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which results in increased response to oxidative stress	27015811
Nitrogen Dioxide affects musculoskeletal movement	29364820
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which results in decreased cognition	28921105
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which results in decreased motor behavior	28921105
Decreased leukocyte homeostasis	30826618
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	29114965
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which results in increased negative regulation of telomere maintenance	31393792
Cytokine production is involved in the immune response	32000783
[[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which affects glucose homeostasis] which affects the abundance of Blood Glucose	32552747
[[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which affects the regulation of cholesterol metabolic process] which affects the abundance of Cholesterol	31622905
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which affects T cell homeostasis	33603036
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of NO2] which affects B cell homeostasis	33603036
[[[Vehicle Emissions results in increased abundance of Air Pollutants] which results in increased abundance of NO2] which results in increased negative regulation of cholesterol metabolic process] which results in decreased abundance of cholesterol, HDL, and membrane lipid catabolic process	34417545

Data source: The comparative toxicogenomic database (http://ctdbase.org/)[12].

Table 4 Summary of the impact of ozone on human health

Type of interaction	Ref. (PMID)
Ozone results in increased gene expression	18332784
Ozone affects heart contraction	18091001
Ozone affects the regulation of inflammatory response	18560490
Ozone results in increased interleukin-6 production	20056584
[Vehicle Emissions co-treated with Ozone] affects neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte homeostasis	27058360
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Ozone] which results in increased DNA methylation	27219456
DNMT1 gene polymorphism affects the reaction [[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Ozone] which affects the regulation of blood pressure]	27219456
Ozone results in increased cholesterol metabolic process	27703007
[Cholesterol co-treated with Ozone] results in increased protein lipidation	27703007
Ozone results in increased mRNA and rRNA transcription	28652203
[Dust co-treated with Ozone] results in increased negative regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation	29767793
[Dust co-treated with Ozone] results in increased positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	29767793
Ozone results in increased positive regulation of glycolytic process and cellular response to oxidative stress	29471466
Ozone results in increased positive regulation of proteolysis and amino acid metabolic process	29471466
Ozone affects the regulation of the membrane lipid metabolic process	29471466
Ozone results in increased tissue regeneration	29471466
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Ozone] which affects the regulation of heart rate	28129768
Ozone results in increased positive regulation of ERK1, ERK2, and p38MAPK cascade	29925859
Ozone results in increased iron ion transport, homeostasis	24862973
Ozone results in increased viral entry into the host cell and the viral life cycle	22496898
Ozone results in increased chloride transmembrane transport	27886375
Ozone affects cytokine production involved in the immune response	32000783
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Ozone] which results in increased positive regulation of heart rate	31349208
[Ozone results in increased oxidation of dimethylselenide] which results in increased ncRNA transcription	33656867
Ozone affects the aspartate/glutamate/ornithine/taurine metabolic process	33993003
[Oxygen co-treated with Ozone] results in the decreased cellular metabolic process	32992648
[Oxygen co-treated with Ozone] results in increased necrotic cell death	32992648
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Ozone] which affects T cell homeostasis	33603036

Data source: The comparative toxicogenomic database (http://ctdbase.org/)[12].

Table 5 Some examples of the impact of particulate matter on human health

Type of interaction	Ref. (PMID)
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which affects glucose homeostasis	27219535
Affects the glucose metabolic process	29616776|31851346
[Particulate Matter results in increased lipid oxidation] which results in an increased abundance of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal	30716388
Affects the thyroid hormone metabolic process	27623605
[Vehicle Emissions results in increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which results in increased positive regulation of superoxide anion generation	28013216
Results in increased cell death	26856867
Results in increased reactive oxygen species metabolic process	21384498
Affects the positive regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress	23542817
[Particulate Matter co-treated with Biological Products] affects positive regulation of the apoptotic process	23454527
Particulate Matter affects the positive regulation of interleukin-6/8 production and NF-kB transcription factor activity	23201440
Results in decreased cell population proliferation	23722391
Results in increased T-helper 2 cell chemotaxis	16890758
Results in increased cell population proliferation	16455839
Results in increased negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle	25336953
Results in increased lipid catabolic process	21233593
Results in increased positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	23900936
Results in increased positive regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation	26507108
Affects the vascular process in the circulatory system	25233101
Affects inflammatory response	25233101
Affects the insulin metabolic process	25233101
Results in increased inflammatory response	25479755
Results in decreased cognition	27128166
Affects the cholesterol biosynthetic process	26967543
Affects the positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	21169126
Results in increased positive regulation of autophagosome assembly	27125970
[Air Pollutants result in an increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which affects the regulation of endothelial cell differentiation	27311922
[Vehicle Emissions results in increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which results in increased respiratory burst after phagocytosis	28013216
Affects the electron transport chain, mitochondrial translation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle	28821289
Affects the regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential	26989813
Results in decreased superoxide dismutase activity	26989813
Results in increased positive regulation of endothelial cell activation	29244817
Affects histone modification	27918982
Affects gene expression	25564368|28821289|29114965|29342453
Affects T and B cell homeostasis	20678227
[Vehicle Emissions results in increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which results in increased cellular senescence	31551408
[[Vehicle Emissions results in increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which co-treated with Oleic Acid] results in increased triglyceride biosynthetic process	31340670
[Air Pollutants results in increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which affects negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	26298100
Results in increased cell migration and cell chemotaxis	29913439
Results in decreased learning or memory	31881430
Results in increased activation of protein kinase B activity and p38MAPK cascade	32687961
Results in decreased endothelial cell-cell adhesion	33159583
[Air Pollutants result in an increased abundance of Particulate Matter] which affects ATP metabolic process	32487172

Data source: The comparative toxicogenomic database (http://ctdbase.org/)[12].