Exercise therapy for sarcopenia and diabetes

Table 1 Resistance exercise and diabetes

Ref.	Study population and intervention	Study outcome
Kim et al[39], 2022	36 elderly people with pre-diabetics; 12 wk of resistance physical activity (60 min/d, 3 d/wk at 55%-65% of 1RM of machine weight)	Decreased glycated HbA1c levels
Nuttamonwarakul et al[40], 2012	20 elderly people with T2D; 12 wk of aquatic exercise (50 min/d, 3 d/wk at a perceived exertion (RPE) rating of 10-16)	Improved glycemic control and decreased HbA1c
Tan et al[41], 2012	25 elderly people with T2D; 6 mo of combined exercise (30 min of moderate aerobic exercise and 10 min of resistance exercise at 50%-70% of 1RM)	Decreased HbA1c levels
Castaneda et al[42], 2002	62 elderly patients with T2D; 14 wk of resistance exercise (45 min/d, 3 d/wk at 60%-80% of 1RM for 1-8 wk and 70%-80% of 1RM for 10-14 wk)	Reduced plasma glycosylated hemoglobin levels and increased muscle glycogen stores
He et al[43], 2022	82 elderly people with pre-diabetes; 2 years of resistance exercise (50 min/d, 3 d/wk of 13 types of resistance training protocols)	HbA1C levels and β cell function were resistance exercise response
Dunstan et al[44], 2002	36 elderly people with T2D; 6 mo of resistance exercise (55 min/d, 3 d/wk at 75%-85% of 1RM)	Improving glycemic control and decreases HbA1c levels
Jorge et al[46], 2011	48 middle-aged adults with T2D; 4 groups: Aerobic (n = 12), resistance (n = 12), combined (n = 12), and control (n = 12); 12 wk of training (60 min/d, 3 d/wk)	IRS-1 expression increased by 65% in the resistance group and by 90% in the combined group in T2DM
Ng et al[47], 2010	25 elderly people with T2D; 8 wk of resistance (50 min/d, 2-3 d/wk at 65%-70% of 1RM)	Decreased HbA1c levels
Takenami et al[48], 2019	10 elderly patients with T2D; 16 wk of low-intensity resistance training (2 d/wk at using body weight)	Decreased glycated hemoglobin

HbA1c: Hemoglobin; IRS: Insulin receptor substrate; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Resistance exercise and sarcopenia

Ref.	Study population and intervention	Study outcome
Zhao et al[58], 2022	24 elderly patients with T2D and sarcopenia; short-term acute resistance exercise (40 min/d, 3 d at 50% of 1RM)	Decreased blood glucose levels, blood glucose fluctuations and the risk of hypoglycemia
Seo et al[62], 2021	12 elderly females with sarcopenia; 16 wk of resistance training (60 min/d, 3 d/wk at 4-8 on the OMNI scale)	Improved functional fitness and muscle quality
Dong et al[63], 2019	21 elderly patients on maintenance hemodialysis with sarcopenia; 12 wk of resistance exercise (3 d/wk at their own body weight and elastic balls)	Improved physical activity status (maximum grip strength, daily pace, and physical activity level), and Inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α)
Liao et al[64], 2018	56 elderly females with sarcopenia obesity; 12 wk of elastic band resistance training (3 training sessions every week for 12 wk, each training session was performed for 55 min)	Significant beneficial effect on muscle mass, muscle quality, and physical function
Hamaguchi et al[65], 2017	7 elderly females with sarcopenia; 6 wk of progressive power training (2 sessions per week for 6 wk; when the subject was capable of completing all 8 sets, the weight was increased by 380-760 g in the next session)	BMD and knee extensor strength were significantly greater in the training group than in the control group
Vasconcelos et al[66], 2016	14 elderly females with sarcopenia; 10 wk of resistance exercise (60 min/d, 2 d/wk; 1-2 wk at 50% of 1RM, 3-4 wk at 75% of 1RM, 5-6 wk at 40% of new 1RM, and 7-10 wk at 60% of new 1RM)	Knee extensor power was significantly higher in the training group than in the control group
Stoever et al[67], 2018	28 elderly people with sarcopenia obesity; 16 wk of progressive resistance training (2 d/wk, increasing to 80%-85% of maximum strength with 3 sets of 8 to 12 repetitions)	Increase performance in hand-grip strength, gait speed, SPPB score, and modified PPT score

T2D: Type 2 diabetes; IL: Interleukin; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; SPPB: Short Physical Performance Battery; PPT: Physical performance test.