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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Diabetes. Mar 15, 2023; 14(3): 198-208
Published online Mar 15, 2023. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.198
Table 1 Conflicting results of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes incidence in the studies examined led in different countries
Ref.
Region
Increased incidence
Period of observation
Diabetes type
Patient source
Results
Mameli et al[22], 2022Lombardy (Italy)Yes and noMarch-December 20201Local networkIncidence 16.0/100000 higher in the 3 previous years but not vs 2019
Schiaffini et al[23], 2022Lazio (Italy)Yes2020-20211Local cohortPeak of incidence in the last 4 months of 2021, above all in children < 12 yr
Tittel et al[25], 2020GermanyNo13 March-13 May 20201DPV registryIncidence 23.4/100000 not different from prediction
Barrett et al[26], 2022United StatesYesMarch 2020-February 2021 (IQVA) and June 2021 (HealthVerity)1 and 2MMWR (CDC)Hazard Ratio 2.66 (IQVA) and 1.31 (Health Verity)
McKeigue et al[28], 2022ScotlandYes and noMarch 2020-November 20211Scottish registryIncidence 2020-2021 was 20% higher than the 7-yr average, but no association with COVID infection
Reschke et al[29], 2022Worldwide (47 countries)No2018-20211Sweet registryChange in seasonality only in the Northern hemisphere (no winter peak)
Guo et al[33], 2022Florida (United States)YesJanuary 2017-June 20211 and 2Local networkIncreased incidence for both T1D and T2D from May 2021
DeLacey et al[34], 2022Illinois (United States)YesMay 1st 2020-April 30th 20212Local cohortIncrease of 293% (490% in Hispanic and Black patients) vs pre-pandemic
Ansar et al[35], 2022Wisconsin (United States)YesMarch 2020-December 20211 and 2Local cohortT1D incidence increased by 69%, T2D incidence by 225%
T1D: Type 1 diabetes; T2D: Type 1 diabetes.
Table 2 Increase of the rate of diabetic ketoacidosis in patients with type 1 diabetes during the pandemic in studies led in different countries
Ref.
Country
COVID-19 period
No. patients
DKA (%)
Severe DKA (%)
Pre-COVID-19 period
No. patients
DKA (%)
Severe DKA (%)
Gera et al[37], 2021Ohio (United States)1 Mar-30 Jun, 20206473145a1 March-30 Jun, 20196447123a
Rabbone et al[38], 2020Italy20 Feb-14 Apr, 202016041.316.9120 Feb-14 Apr, 201920838.114.91
Goldman et al[39], 2022Israel15 Mar-30 June, 202014658.2a19.915 Mar-30 Jun, 2017 15 Mar-30 Jun, 2018-15 Mar-30 Jun, 2019120; 131; 11344.2a, 40.5a, 38.9a9.2a, 9.2a, 13.3a
Ng et al[40], 2020United Kingdom1 Mar-30 Jun, 2020885128////
HO et al[42], 2021Canada17 Mar-31 Aug, 202010768.2a27.1a17 Mar-31 Aug, 201911445.6a13.2a
Unsworth et al[43], 2020United Kingdom23 Mar-4 Jun, 20203372.736.3////
Cherubini et al[45], 2022Italy1 Jan-31 Dec, 2020116939.6a,214.2a,22017-2019306835.7a10.4a
aP value < 0.05.
1P 0.03 for proportion of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients with severe DKA.
2In the text data are subdivided by periods of restrictions during COVID-19 pandemic.
DKA: Diabetic ketoacidosis; T1D: Type 1 diabetes; T2D: Type 1 diabetes.
Table 3 Positive outcome on metabolic control and on patient satisfaction obtained with telemedicine during the pandemic in the studies examined
Ref.
Type of patients
Parameters evaluated
Outcome
Schiaffini et al[52], 2020School and preschool age children with T1DTime in range using hybrid closed loop pumpImproved
Russo et al[68], 2022Adults with T2DGlycemic profile and metabolic controlImproved
Bassi et al[69], 2022Children with T1D and caregiversDegree of satisfaction of telemedicineHigh rates of satisfaction
Agbali et al[70], 2021Children and adults with both T1D and T2DSatisfaction and utilization of telemedicineHigh rates of satisfaction
Chan et al[71], 2021Children and adults with both T1D and T2DHbA1c and quality of careImproved metabolic control and quality of care
Bonora et al[73], 2021Adults with T1D Metabolic control through Flash Glucose MonitoringImproved metabolic control
T1D: Type 1 diabetes; T2D: Type 1 diabetes.