Higher risk of type 2 diabetes in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A 10-year retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Baseline patient characteristics

	PCOS
	Yes (n = 2545)		No (n = 2545)		P value
	n	%	n	%
Age, yr					> 0.99
18-24	1497	58.8	1497	58.8
25-29	583	22.9	583	22.9
30-34	289	11.4	289	11.4
35-39	117	4.60	117	4.60
40-44	45	1.77	45	1.77
≥ 45	14	0.55	14	0.55
mean ± SD	25.1 ± 5.81		25.2 ± 5.91		0.63
Comorbidity
Disorders of lipid metabolism	38	1.49	38	1.49	> 0.99
Cardiovascular disease	3	0.12	8	0.31	0.13
Hypertension	27	1.06	27	1.06	> 0.99
Chronic kidney disease	2	0.08	4	0.16	0.41
Cerebrovascular accident	7	0.28	8	0.31	0.80
Infertility	151	5.93	151	5.93	> 0.99
Obesity	27	1.06	27	1.06	> 0.99
Hashimoto’s disease	5	0.20	4	0.16	0.74
Major depression	18	0.71	27	1.06	0.18
Anxiety	169	6.64	169	6.64	> 0.99
Medication (during follow-up period)
Metformin	238	9.35	18	0.71	< 0.0001
OCPs	443	17.4	72	2.83	< 0.0001
Clomiphene	1384	54.4	302	11.9	< 0.0001
Spironolactone	111	4.36	32	1.26	< 0.0001

Polycystic ovary syndrome group: follow-up time: 10.0; SD = 3.14. Control group: follow-up time: 10.0; SD = 3.16. PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; OCPs: Oral contraceptive pills.

Table 2 Incidence rate and hazard ratio of type 2 diabetes between two groups stratified by gender, age, and comorbidity

	PCOS
	No			Yes			Crude		Adjusted
	Event	PY	IR	Event	PY	IR	HR (95%CI)	P value	HR (95%CI)	P value
Overall	38	25483	1.49	159	25460	6.25	4.19 (2.94, 5.97)	< 0.0001	5.13 (3.51, 7.48)	< 0.0001
Age
18-24	9	15453	0.58	74	15301	4.84	8.33 (4.17, 16.6)	< 0.0001	10.4 (5.04, 21.4)	< 0.0001
25-29	9	5630	1.60	40	5766	6.94	4.32 (2.10, 8.90)	< 0.0001	5.28 (2.42, 11.5)	< 0.0001
30-34	9	2753	3.27	27	2734	9.88	3.01 (1.42, 6.40)	0.004	4.06 (1.73, 9.53)	0.001
35-39	6	1117	5.37	11	1134	9.70	1.81 (0.67, 4.90)	0.24	2.14 (0.72, 6.35)	0.17
40-44	5	399	12.53	5	397	12.59	1.03 (0.30, 3.55)	0.97	1.68 (0.38, 7.41)	0.50
≥ 45	0	132	0.00	2	128	15.63
Comorbidity1
Yes	17	3864	4.40	32	3835	8.34	1.90 (1.06, 3.43)	0.03	2.14 (1.14, 3.99)	0.02
No	21	21620	0.97	127	21625	5.87	6.05 (3.81, 9.60)	< 0.0001	7.62 (4.68, 12.4)	< 0.0001
Medication
Metformin
Yes	2	191	10.47	21	2325	9.03	0.88 (0.21, 3.75)	0.86	0.54 (0.1, 2.78)	0.46
No	36	25292	1.42	138	23135	5.96	4.19 (2.91, 6.05)	< 0.0001	5.41 (3.67, 7.98)	< 0.0001
OCPs
Yes	0	789	0.00	17	4559	3.73
No	38	24695	1.54	142	20901	6.79	4.42 (3.09, 6.32)	< 0.0001	5.18 (3.54, 7.58)	< 0.0001
Clomiphene
Yes	5	3349	1.49	72	14470	4.98	3.41 (1.38, 8.43)	0.008	3.26 (1.3, 8.21)	0.01
No	33	22135	1.49	87	10990	7.92	5.33 (3.57, 7.95)	< 0.0001	5.93 (3.94, 8.92)	< 0.0001
Spironolactone
Yes	0	349	0.00	4	1211	3.30
No	38	25135	1.51	155	24249	6.39	4.23 (2.97, 6.04)	< 0.0001	5.07 (3.47, 7.41)	< 0.0001

¹Patients with any one of comorbidity were classified as the comorbidity group.

Models adjusted by age, all comorbidities and medications listed in Table 1. PY: Person-years; IR: Incidence rate, per 1000 person-years; HR: Hazard ratio; PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; OCPs: Oral contraceptive pills.