Large-scale functional connectivity predicts cognitive impairment related to type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of these three groups

Characteristics	T2DM-NC (n = 26)	T2DM-C (n = 16)	HC (n = 24)	P value
Age (yr)2	51 (34, 65)	54 (39, 67)	49 (26, 59)	0.227
Female/Male	4/22	6/10	9/15	0.153
Education (yr) 1	12.88 ± 2.55	10.81 ± 2.76	13.38 ± 3.88	0.040
HbA1c (%)1	8.13 ± 1.87	9.06 ± 1.77	5.66 ± 0.33	0.000
FBG (mg/dL) 2	7.85 (4.20, 15.80)	7.60 (3.60, 11.70)	5.20 (4.80, 6.80)	0.000
BMI (kg/m2) 1	25.26 ± 2.43	24.90 ± 2.97	23.80 ± 2.41	0.779
WHR2	0.91 (0.76, 0.96)	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	0.87 (0.78, 0.93)	0.004
Blood pressure (mmHg)
SP2	128.00 (105.00, 150.00)	120.00 (101.00, 150.00)	128.00 (100.00, 181.00)	0.836
DP2	80.00 (60.00, 90.00)	80.00 (60.00, 90.00)	80.00 (67.00, 118.00)	0.432
Total cholesterol2	4.04 (2.76, 6.69)	4.21 (2.63, 5.71)	4.43 (3.69, 5.39)	0.407
HDL cholesterol2	1.35 (0.43, 6.60)	1.26 (0.53, 8.08)	0.94 (0.71, 1.64)	0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)2	1.75 (0.43, 6.60)	1.26 (0.53, 8.08)	2.06 (0.87, 6.41)	0.457
UMA (μg/min)2	12.45 (1.00, 342.70)	15.95 (7.00, 299.00)	13.65 (0.40, 58.60)	0.706
Duration of diabetes (mo)2	96.00 (0.25, 180.00)	24.00 (0.25, 228.00)		0.515
MMSE2	29.00 (27.00, 30.00)	26.00 (23.00, 29.00)	28.00 (27.00, 30.00)	0.000
MoCA2	27.00 (25.00, 30.00)	24.00 (18.00, 30.00)	27.00 (24.00, 30.00)	0.000
SAS1	41.62 ± 7.12	43.75 ± 7.26	39.54 ± 7.00	0.190
SDS1	46.12 ± 6.87	45.31 ± 8.46	41.71 ± 10.07	0.172

¹Data are presented as mean ± SD.

²Data are presented as median (minimum, maximum).

P < 0.05 was considered significant. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; T2DM-C/T2DM-NC: Patients with T2DM with the presence/absence of mild cognitive impairment; HC: Healthy controls; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist-to-Hip Ratio; SP: Systolic pressure; DP: Diastolic pressure; HDL: High density lipoprotein; UMA: Urinary microalbumin; MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; MoCA: Montreal cognitive assessment; SAS: Self-rating anxiety scale; SDS: Self-rating depression scale.

Table 2 Prediction outcome

Brain atlas	Correlation coefficient	P value
HOA-112 atlas	0.32	0.0066
AAL-116 atlas	0.32	0.0078
Power-264 atlas	0.42	0.0038

HOA-112: Harvard Oxford atlas; AAL-116: Automated Anatomical Labeling; Power-264: 264-region functional atlas introduced by Power et al.

Table 3 Classification outcome

Group	Brain atlas	AUC	Specificity	Sensitivity	P value
T2DM-NC vs T2DM-C	HOA-112 atlas	0.70	0.69	0.73	0.0144
	AAL-116 atlas	0.65	0.69	0.65	0.0556
	Power-264 atlas	0.70	0.63	0.77	0.0160
T2DM-NC vs HC	HOA-112 atlas	0.54	0.75	0.42	0.3122
	AAL-116 atlas	0.53	0.58	0.54	0.3804
	Power-264 atlas	0.56	0.58	0.58	0.2478
T2DM-C vs HC	HOA-112 atlas	0.54	0.63	0.56	0.3152
	AAL-116 atlas	0.72	0.67	0.75	0.0096
	Power-264 atlas	0.70	0.79	0.63	0.0184
T2DM vs HC	HOA-112 atlas	0.67	0.63	0.69	0.0144
	AAL-116 atlas	0.63	0.58	0.64	0.0444
	Power-264 atlas	0.50	0.50	0.67	0.4898

T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; T2DM-C/T2DM-NC: Patients with T2DM with the presence/absence of mild cognitive impairment; HC: Healthy controls; AUC: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; HOA-112: Harvard Oxford atlas; AAL-116: Automated Anatomical Labeling; Power-264: 264-region functional atlas introduced by Power et al.