Diabetes and inflammatory diseases: An overview from the perspective of Ca2+/3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling

Table 1 Timeline of the major events in Ca²⁺/3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling

	1970s	1980s and 1990s	2000s and 2010s	2019-2020
Major events	Verapamil paradoxically enhanced the contractions of smooth muscles, e.g., rat vas deferens	Other CCBs (besides verapamil) also paradoxically enhanced the contractions of smooth muscles, e.g., rat vas deferens	2013. Bergantin et al[32] discovered that the paradoxical increase in the contractions of smooth muscles, produced by CCBs, was due to an interaction of Ca2+/cAMP signaling	Bergantin[12,25,86,87] discussed the involvement of Ca2+/cAMP signaling in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, asthma, and cancer
			2015-2016. Bergantin et al[24] proposed that the pharmacological manipulation of Ca2+/cAMP signaling could be a new therapeutic strategy for increasing neurotransmission in psychiatric disorders, and producing neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases
Articles indexed in PubMed (PMID)	PMID: 1143442	PMID: 3113986; PMID: 2466518	PMID: 23849429; PMID: 26516591; PMID: 27349146	PMID: 30117399; PMID: 30639385; PMID: 30771427; PMID: 30648516; PMID: 31291877; PMID: 31456527; PMID: 31995022; PMID: 32077833; PMID: 32186273; PMID: 32026774; PMID: 32065096; PMID: 32562933; PMID: 33210037; PMID: 33176668

CCBs: Ca²⁺ channel blockers; cAMP: 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

Table 2 A list of several Ca²⁺ channel blockers and 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling-enhancer compounds

CCBs	cAMP signaling (enhancer compounds)
Verapamil	Rolipram
Nifedipine	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX)
Diltiazem	Forskolin
Isradipine	Aminophylline
Amlodipine	Theophylline
Nicardipine	Paraxanthine

CCBs: Ca²⁺ channel blockers; cAMP: 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate.