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©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2021; 12(4): 331-343
Published online Apr 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.331
Published online Apr 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.331
Table 1 Effects of acute exercise under hypoxia vs under normoxia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Ref. | Participants | Design and protocol | Exercise intensity | Main results |
Mackenzie et al[63] (2011)1 | n = 8; sex: Male; age: 58 ± 4.0 yr; BMI: 29.2 ± 6.7 kg/m2 | (1) 60 min rest in normoxia; (2) 60 min rest in hypoxia normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 14.6%, simulated altitude: ca.3100 m); (3) 60 min cycling in normoxia; and (4) 60 min cycling in hypoxia (normobaric hypoxia: FiO2: 14.6%) | (3) and (4): 90% lactate threshold | Blood lactate: ↔ (1), (2); ↑ (3), (4). Blood glucose: ↔ (1); ↓ (2), (3), (4). Insulin sensitivity (during glucose tolerance test): (4) > (3) > (2) > (1) |
Mackenzie et al[46] (2012)1 | n = 8; sex: Male; age: 58.7 ± 2.2 yr; BMI: 28.3 ± 2.1 kg/m2 | (1) 60 min continuous cycling in hypoxia (normobaric hypoxia: FiO2: 14.7%, simulated altitude: ca.3100 m); (2) 60 min interval training with passive recovery (5:5 min) in hypoxia (normobaric hypoxia: FiO2: 14.7%); and (3) 60 min interval training with passive recovery (5:5 min) in normoxia | (1): 90% lactate threshold; (2): 120% lactate threshold; (3): 120% lactate threshold | HR and blood lactate: ↑ (1), (2), (3). Blood glucose decrease (pre- to post-exercise): (1) > (2). Glucose disappearance: ↑ (1); ↔ (2), (3). HOMA-IR index improved after 24 h: ↑ (1), (2); ↔ (3); after 48 h: ↑ (1); ↔ (3) |
Brinkmann et al[76] (2017)2 | n = 8; sex: Male; age: 58.0 ± 15.0 yr; BMI: 33.0 ± 6.0 kg/m2 | 40 min cycling: (1) Normoxia; (2) Hypoxia (normobaric hypoxia: FiO2: 14%, simulated altitude: ca. 3400 m); and (3) Hypoxia (normobaric hypoxia: FiO2: 14%) + hyperoxia (normobaric hyperoxia: FiO2: 30%) intervals (5:5 min) | Blood lactate: 2.5 mmol/L | Blood lactate (post-exercise lower): (3) > (2). BORG RPE: ↔ (1), (2), (3). Pro-angiogenic factors: VEGF: ↑ (2), (3). Anti-angiogenic factor: endostatin: ↑ (2), (3) |
Table 2 Effects of hypoxia vs normoxia chronic exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or insulin-resistance
Ref. | Participants | Intervention | Intensity | Frequency and duration | Main results |
Wiesner et al[69] (2010)1 | n = 45. NTG: sex: 8 male, 13 females; age: 42.1 ± 1.7yr; BMI: 32.5 ± 0.8. HTG: sex: 10 male, 14 females; age: 42.2 ± 1.2 yr; BMI: 33.1 ± 0.3 | 60 min running on a treadmill; normobaric hypoxia: simulated altitude: ca. 2740 m | VO2peak: 65% | 3 d/wk, 4 wk | Lactate levels at the anaerobic threshold: ↓ HTG; fasting insulin, HOMA-IR: ↓ NTG, HTG; body fat decreased: HTG > NTG; BP, LDL-c: ↔ NTG, HTG |
Schreuder et al[66] (2014)2 | n = 19. NTG: sex: 5 male, 4 females; age: 52.0 ± 8.0 yr; BMI: 36.0 ± 6.5 kg/m2. HTG: sex: 9 male, 1 female; age: 57.0 ± 6.0 yr; BMI: 30.9 ± 4.1 kg/m2 | 45 min endurance training (cycling) + series of strength training exercises; normobaric hypoxia: FiO2: 16.5%: simulated altitude: ca. 2100 m | HRR: 70%-75% | 3 d/wk, 8 wk | VO2max: ↑ NTG, HTG; BMI, BP, HOMA-IR, HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, TG, fasting glucose, HbA1c: ↔ NTG, HTG; Vasodilatory function: ↔ NTG, HTG |
- Citation: Kim SW, Jung WS, Chung S, Park HY. Exercise intervention under hypoxic condition as a new therapeutic paradigm for type 2 diabetes mellitus: A narrative review. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(4): 331-343
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i4/331.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i4.331