Organophosphate pesticides and new-onset diabetes mellitus: From molecular mechanisms to a possible therapeutic perspective

Table 1 Published human studies on the association between acute organophosphate exposure and the development of new-onset diabetes mellitus

Ref.	Area	Pesticide	Exposure	Sample size	Association
Moore and James[9], 1980	Australia	Coumaphos	Acute	1	Hyperglycemia
Hui[10], 1983	Hong Kong	Organophosphate	Acute	2	Hyperglycemia
Weizman and Sofer[11], 1992	Israel	Organophosphate and carbamate	Acute	17	Hyperglycemia in 29.4% of patients
Yurumez et al[98], 2007	Turkey	Organophosphate	Acute	220	Hyperglycemia in 67.7% of patients
Liu et al[13], 2014	Taiwan	Organophosphate	Acute	118	Hyperglycemia after poisoning was not associated with higher mortality
Moon et al[99], 2016	South Korea	Organophosphate	Acute	184	Hyperglycemia after poisoning was associated with higher mortality

Table 2 Published human studies on the association between chronic organophosphate exposure and the development of new-onset diabetes mellitus

Ref.	Area	Pesticide	Exposure	Sample size	Association
Montgomery et al[12], 2008	United States	Organophosphate and organochlorine	Chronic	33457	Positive association with diabetes
Raafat et al[100], 2012	Egypt	Malathion	Chronic	98	Positive associations among blood malathion concentration, waist circumference and insulin resistance
Velmurugan et al[30], 2017	India	Organophosphate	Chronic	3080	Positive association between blood organophosphate residues and glycated hemoglobin levels
Velmurugan et al[90], 2020	India	Organophosphate and arsenic	Chronic	865	Positive associations of organophosphate and arsenic with diabetes, prediabetes and atherosclerosis