Medication adherence and quality of life among type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in India

Table 1 Quality of life scores, sociodemographic characteristics, and medication adherence of the study participants

Demographic variables	n (%)	QoL domains, mean ± SD				Overall perception on QoL	Overall perception of Health
		Physical domain	Psychological domain	Social domain	Environmental domain
Age, yr
21-46	77 (27.8)	59.67 ± 15.88	53.12 ± 17.76	69.97 ± 12.07	55.14 ± 11.68	67.79 ± 15.61	64.45 ± 16.74
47-71	193 (69.7)	56.29 ± 15.03	52.64 ± 14.35	69.98 ± 14.66	57.99 ± 11.95	68.50 ± 14.23	63.73 ± 16.28
< 71	07 (2.50)	41.86 ± 10.73	44.71 ± 18.98	62.57 ± 21.75	56.28 ± 13.35	62.86 ± 17.99	54.29 ± 19.02
Gender
Male	158 (57)	57.30 ± 14.93	53.59 ± 14.48	70.33 ± 14.72	58.02 ± 11.32	69.24 ± 13.66	66.33 ± 15.82
Female	119 (43)	56.29 ± 16.05	51.23 ± 16.68	69.07 ± 13.47	56.01 ± 12.65	66.72 ± 15.89	60.84 ± 16.95
Marital status
Married	254 (91.7)	57.09 ± 15.63	52.82 ± 15.39	70.36 ± 12.75	57.13 ± 11.95	68.35 ± 14.86	64.33 ± 16.64
Single	23 (8.30)	54.48 ± 12.61	49.83 ± 16.48	63.52 ± 24.72	57.48 ± 11.95	66.09 ± 12.70	60.00 ± 14.77
Educational qualification
Illiterate	51 (18.4)	54.18 ± 17.35	49.18 ± 16.08	67.72 ± 11.86	53.65 ± 11.05	64.31 ± 15.13	59.22 ± 16.95
Primary school	91 (32.9)	55.91 ± 16.04	51.32 ± 15.83	67.91 ± 14.39	54.15 ± 12.10	67.03 ± 15.88	62.86 ± 18.27
Secondary school	71 (25.6)	58.17 ± 15.86	54.83 ± 14.78	72.19 ± 14.39	58.98 ± 10.34	69.30 ± 13.87	65.92 ± 14.89
Graduate school and above	64 (23.1)	58.94 ± 11.82	54.56 ± 14.90	71.45 ± 16.72	62.19 ± 12.08	71.56 ± 12.75	67.19 ± 14.42
Type of family
Nuclear	96 (34.7)	60.42 ± 16.10	56.05 ± 15.51	71.03 ± 13.18	58.26 ± 11.21	68.54 ± 15.01	65.00 ± 16.42
Joint	181 (65.3)	54.99 ± 14.72	50.73 ± 15.18	69.14 ± 14.69	56.57 ± 12.29	67.96 ± 14.56	63.43 ± 16.58
Monthly income, INR
< 20000	127 (45.8)	54.20 ± 15.40	51.24 ± 15.48	67.58 ± 14.86	54.59 ± 12.14	66.61 ± 15.54	60.94 ± 16.88
20000-30000	91 (32.9)	56.37 ± 15.68	52.77 ± 15.56	69.77 ± 14.57	57.77 ± 11.44	67.69 ± 13.91	63.74 ± 15.47
> 30001	59 (21.3)	63.39 ± 13.14	55.13 ± 15.28	74.59 ± 10.69	61.71 ± 10.87	72.20 ± 13.40	70.85 ± 15.46
Residence
Urban	177 (63.9)	59.80 ± 15.25	54.29 ± 15.79	71.48 ± 12.61	57.60 ± 12.09	69.04 ± 14.29	66.10 ± 15.63
Rural	100 (36.1)	51.68 ± 14.32	49.54 ± 14.49	66.80 ± 16.26	56.36 ± 11.66	66.60 ± 15.32	60.20 ± 17.41
Adherence level
Nonadherent	155 (55.96)	52.32 ± 14.59	48.94 ± 14.56	69.73 ± 13.91	56.17 ± 12.32	64.90 ± 15.35	60.65 ± 16.50
Adherent	122 (44.04)	62.65 ± 14.48	57.19 ± 15.44	69.87 ± 14.59	58.40 ± 11.35	72.30 ± 12.71	68.20 ± 15.59

Data are n (%) or mean ± SD. INR: Indian rupee; QoL: Quality of life.

Table 2 Quality of life scores and clinical characteristics of the study participants

Clinical characteristics	n (%)277	Physical domain	Psychological domain	Social domain	Environmental domain	Overall perception of QoL	Overall perception of health
Duration of T2DM, yr
1-5	150 (54.2)	57.19 ± 14.61	52.77 ± 15.54	70.98 ± 12.06	57.03 ± 12.39	68.67 ± 14.91	64.13 ± 15.77
6-10	90 (32.5)	54.98 ± 14.91	51.07 ± 14.11	67.74 ± 17.02	57.12 ± 12.21	66.67 ± 14.06	63.78 ± 16.93
11-15	31 (11.2)	60.35 ± 19.86	56.06 ± 18.94	70.42 ± 14.96	57.16 ± 10.03	69.03 ± 15.35	63.23 ± 19.39
> 15	06 (2.2)	59.33 ± 15.86	52.17 ± 14.69	67.67 ± 12.13	60.67 ± 03.61	73.33 ± 16.33	66.67 ± 16.33
Drug used
Metformin	80 (28.9)	56.27 ± 14.55	51.00 ± 13.68	69.77 ± 14.09	56.46 ± 11.91	67.75 ± 13.31	64.25 ± 15.49
Glimepiride	66 (23.8)	61.20 ± 15.54	56.64 ± 15.21	71.44 ± 12.32	56.38 ± 12.10	71.82 ± 14.45	66.36 ± 16.14
Other OHA	131 (47.3)	55.05 ± 15.53	51.49 ± 16.37	68.98 ± 15.12	57.97 ± 11.90	66.56 ± 15.38	62.60 ± 17.26
Chronic comorbid illness
Hypertension	115 (41.5)	56.31 ± 15.46	51.94 ± 15.54	67.27 ± 15.44	56.81 ± 10.94	65.91 ± 14.74	61.74 ± 17.28
Thyroid	151 (54.5)	57.62 ± 15.48	53.54 ± 15.01	71.87 ± 13.11	57.39 ± 12.87	69.93 ± 14.21	65.70 ± 15.89
CAD	11 (4.00)	52.36 ± 13.91	46.00 ± 20.00	67.64 ± 10.76	57.54 ± 08.85	67.27 ± 18.49	63.64 ± 15.01

CAD: Coronary artery disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agent, QoL: Quality of life; T2DM: Type-2 diabetes mellitus. Data are n (%) or mean ± SD.

Table 3 Multiple linear regression analysis of predicting variables for quality of life domains

Demographic variable	Physical domain		Psychological domain		Social domain		Environmental domain		Overall perception of QoL		Overall perception of health
	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value	β	P value
Age, (ref ≤ 71 yr)	-4.84	0.009	-1.12	0.56	-0.28	0.87	2.62	0.08	0.04	0.65	-0.15	0.14
Gender (ref = male)	-0.42	0.83	-1.48	0.47	2.38	0.21	1.52	0.34	-0.003	0.98	-0.18	0.09
Marital status (ref = single)	-1.13	0.47	-1.77	0.29	-5.98	0	-0.24	0.85	-0.04	0.64	-0.07	0.41
Educational qualification (ref = illiterate)	-0.04	0.96	1.27	0.19	0.92	0.3	2.75	0	0.09	0.06	0.03	0.5
Type of family (ref = nuclear)	-2.96	0.08	-4.32	0.02	-1.45	0.37	-2.03	0.14	-0.03	0.71	-0.02	0.84
Monthly income (ref ≤ 20,000)	3.57	0.005	0.35	0.79	2.86	0.02	2.13	0.04	0.05	0.39	0.16	0.02
Habitat (ref = rural)	-3.37	0.06	-0.57	0.76	-1.88	0.27	1.57	0.21	-0.02	0.82	-0.11	0.26
Years with DM (ref ≥ 15)	0.75	0.5	0.27	0.82	-1.26	0.31	-0.12	0.89	0	0.99	0.004	0.96
Drug used (ref = other OHA)	-1.84	0.07	-0.29	0.79	-0.74	0.46	0.52	0.54	-0.06	0.28	-0.09	0.12
Chronic comorbid illness (ref = hypertension)	-0.73	0.63	-0.4	0.8	2.47	0.09	0.58	0.64	0.13	0.08	0.07	0.41
Adherent level (ref = nonadherent)	8.91	0	7.59	0	-0.55	0.74	1.72	0.22	0.36	0	0.34	0

β-Standardized regression coefficient; DM: Diabetes mellitus; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agent; QoL: Quality of Life; Ref: Reference group.