Copyright
©The Author(s) 2021.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2021; 12(1): 56-68
Published online Jan 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.56
Published online Jan 15, 2021. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.56
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort (1998)
All, n = 170 | Males, n = 86 | Females, n = 84 | P value | |
Age in yr | 12.6 ± 5.6 | 12.4 ± 6.0 | 12.6 ± 5.1 | 0.854 |
Age at diabetes diagnosis | 8.1 ± 4.4 | 8.0 ± 4.7 | 8.2 ± 4.1 | 0.735 |
Diabetes duration | 4.4 ± 4.0 | 4.4 ± 4.2 | 4.3 ± 3.8 | 0.828 |
HbA1c, % | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 1.4 | 0.064 |
HbA1c in mmol/L | 68.3 | 70.5 | 66.1 | |
Pubertal stage, n (%) | ||||
Tanner 1 | 79 (46.5) | 47 (54.7) | 32 (38.1) | 0.291 |
Tanner 2 | 11 (6.5) | 4 (4.7) | 7 (8.3) | |
Tanner 3 | 19 (11.2) | 8 (9.3) | 11 (13.1) | |
Tanner 4 | 12 (7.1) | 5 (5.8) | 7 (8.3) | |
Tanner 5 | 49 (28.8) | 22 (25.6) | 27 (32.1) | |
Menarche | NA | 48 (57.1) | ||
Age at menarche | NA | 13.3 ± 1.3 | ||
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
Ashkenazi Jew | 102 (60.0) | 47 (54.7) | 55 (65.5) | 0.120 |
North African Jew | 19 (11.2) | 7 (8.1) | 12 (14.3) | |
Oriental Jew | 19 (11.2) | 10 (11.6) | 9 (10.7) | |
Yemenite Jew | 16 (9.4) | 12 (14) | 4 (4.8) | |
Ethiopian Jew | 4 (2.4) | 2 (2.3) | 2 (2.4) | |
Arab | 10 (5.9) | 8 (9.3) | 2 (2.4) | |
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients, n (%) | ||||
Overweight | 20 (11.8) | 9 (10.5) | 11 (13.1) | 0.864 |
Obesity | 8 (4.7) | 4 (4.7) | 4 (4.8) | |
Systolic pre-hypertension, ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile | 15 (8.8) | 8 (9.3) | 7 (8.3) | 0.336 |
Systolic stage 1 hypertension, ≥ 95th to the < | 19 (11.2) | 12 (14) | 7 (8.3) | |
Systolic stage 2 hypertension, ≥ 99th percentile | 8 (4.7) | 5 (5.8) | 3 (3.6) | |
Diastolic pre-hypertension, ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile | 3 (1.8) | 2 (2.3) | 1 (1.2) | 0.670 |
Diastolic stage 1 hypertension, ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile | 7 (4.1) | 3 (3.5) | 4 (4.8) | |
Diastolic stage 2 hypertension, ≥ 99th percentile | 1 (0.6) | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | |
Pre-hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 90th to the 95th percentile | 15 (8.8) | 9 (10.5) | 6 (7.1) | 0.426 |
Stage 1 hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 95th to the < 99th percentile | 23 (13.5) | 12 (14) | 11 (13.1) | |
Stage 2 hypertension, systolic and/or diastolic ≥ 99th percentile | 9 (5.3) | 6 (7) | 3 (3.6) | |
Lipid profile1 | n = 144 | n = 71 | n = 73 | |
LDL-c, n (%) | 0.049 | |||
< 75th percentile | 63 (43.8) | 27 (38) | 36 (49.3) | |
75th-90th percentile | 47 (32.6) | 21 (29.6) | 26 (35.6) | |
Borderline elevated 90th-95th percentile | 10 (6.9) | 7 (8.1) | 3 (4.1) | |
Elevated > 95th | 24 (16.7) | 16 (18.6) | 8 (11) | |
Triglycerides, n (%) | 0.393 | |||
< 75th percentile | 31 (21.5) | 12 (16.9) | 19 (26) | |
75th-90th percentile | 59 (41) | 30 (42.3) | 29 (39.7) | |
Borderline elevated 90th-95th percentile | 16 (11.1) | 7 (9.9) | 9 (12.3) | |
Elevated > 95th | 38 (26.3) | 22 (30.9) | 16 (21.9) | |
HDL-c, n (%) | 0.728 | |||
Normal level > 10th percentile | 127 (88.2) | 62 (87.3) | 65 (89%) | |
Borderline low 5th -10th percentile | 9 (6.2) | 4 (5.6) | 5 (6.8) | |
Low level < 5th percentile | 8 (5.5) | 5 (6.9) | 3 (4.1) | |
Positive family history of cardiovascular risk factors in a first-degree relative, n (%) | ||||
Cardiovascular disease risk factors | ||||
Type 2 diabetes | 51 (30) | 23 (26.7) | 28 (33.3) | 0.349 |
Premature coronary artery disease | 24 (14.1) | 10 (11.6) | 14 (16.7) | 0.346 |
Dyslipidemia | 32 (18.8) | 17 (19.8) | 15 (17.9) | 0.750 |
Hypertension | 33 (19.4) | 16 (18.6) | 17 (20.2) | 0.778 |
Cerebrovascular accident | 4 (2.4) | 4 (4.7) | 0 (0) | 0.035 |
Table 2 Characteristics of the study cohort at the last visit
All, n = 170 | Males, n = 86 | Females, n = 84 | P value | |
Age in yr | 26.3 ± 5.7 | 26.5 ± 6.0 | 26.0 ± 5.5 | 0.540 |
Diabetes duration in yr | 18.2 ± 5.6 | 18.6 ± 5.5 | 17.8 ± 5.8 | 0.375 |
Duration follow-up in yr | 13.7 ± 3.7 | 14.1 ± 3.6 | 13.4 ± 3.9 | 0.222 |
HbA1c, % | 8.0 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 1.6 | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 0.164 |
HbA1c in mmol/L | 63.9 | 66.1 | 62.8 | |
Smoker, n (%) | 13 (7.6) | 7 (8.1) | 6 (7.1) | 0.807 |
Oral contraceptive use, n (%) | 11 (13.1) | |||
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients1, n (%) | All, n = 149 | Males, n = 74 | Females, n = 75 | |
Diabetes only | 13 (8.7) | 5 (6.8) | 8 (10.7) | 0.578 |
+ 1 | 41 (27.5) | 21 (28.4) | 20 (26.7) | |
+ 2 | 62 (41.6) | 28 (37.8) | 34 (45.3) | |
+ 3 | 27 (18.1) | 16 (21.6) | 11 (14.7) | |
+ 4 | 6 (4.0) | 4 (5.4) | 2 (2.7) | |
Cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients, n (%) | ||||
Overweight/obesity, n = 158 | 63/158 (39.9) | 32 (40) | 31 (39.7) | 0.974 |
Hypertension, n = 152 | 37 (24.3) | 26 (35.1) | 11 (14.1) | 0.003 |
Systolic BP > 130 mmHg | 28 (18.4) | 22 (29.7) | 6 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP > 80 mmHg | 21 (13.8) | 16 (21.6) | 5 (6.4) | 0.007 |
Dyslipidemia | 113 (66.5) | 57 (66.3) | 56 (66.7) | 0.957 |
LDL-c > 100 mg/dL | 83 (48.8) | 43 (50.0) | 40 (47.6) | 0.641 |
Triglycerides > 150 mg/dL | 27 (15.9) | 11 (12.7) | 16 (19.0) | 0.279 |
HDL-c < 40 mg/dL (males) and < 50 mg/dL (females) | 39 (22.9) | 15 (17.4) | 24 (28.5) | 0.099 |
Statin use2 | 29 (18.2) | 18 (22.5) | 11 (13.9) | 0.316 |
Table 3 Factors associated with dyslipidemia (1998-last visit)
β (SE) | P value | 95%CI | |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | |||
Diastolic blood pressure 1998 | 11.4 (4.7) | 0.003 | 2.0, 20.7 |
Positive family history of cardiovascular disease | 20.7 (6.8) | 0.017 | 7.2, 34.1 |
Triglycerides | |||
Diastolic blood pressure 1998 | 23.8 (9.1) | 0.01 | 5.8, 41.8 |
Positive family history of cardiovascular disease | 31.0 (13.1) | 0.02 | 5.0, 57.0 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol | |||
Diastolic blood pressure 1998 | -4.8 (2.1) | 0.022 | -8.9, -0.7 |
Total cholesterol | |||
Positive family history of CVD | 23.1 (8.3) | 0.006 | 6.6, 39.5 |
- Citation: Krepel Volsky S, Shalitin S, Fridman E, Yackobovitch-Gavan M, Lazar L, Bello R, Oron T, Tenenbaum A, de Vries L, Lebenthal Y. Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes: A single-center experience. World J Diabetes 2021; 12(1): 56-68
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v12/i1/56.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i1.56