Diabetic patients with COVID-19 need more attention and better glycemic control

Table 1 Clinical characteristics in terms of diabetes in coronavirus disease 2019 patients (n = 61)

		Total	Diabetes		P value
			No	Yes
Sample, n (%)		61 (100)	46 (75.4)	15 (24.6)
Sex, n (%)
	Male	33 (54.1)	24 (52.2)	9 (60.0)	0.767
	Female	28 (45.9)	22 (47.8)	6 (40.0)
Age [mean (SD)]		63.62 (10.78)	62.96 (10.71)	65.60 (11.11)	0.415
Hypertension, n (%)
	No	38 (62.3)	32 (69.6)	6 (40.0)	0.065
	Yes	23 (37.7)	14 (30.4)	9 (60.0)
Heart diseases, n (%)
	No	54 (88.5)	42 (91.3)	12 (80.0)	0.348
	Yes	7 (11.5)	4 (8.7)	3 (20.0)
Lung involvement based on CT findings, n (%)
	Large-moderate	22 (36.1)	16 (34.8)	6 (40.0)	0.763
	Mild-none	39 (63.9)	30 (65.2)	9 (60.0)
Lung involvement progression, n (%)
	Better	42 (68.9)	29 (63.0)	13 (86.7)	0.509
	Still	16 (26.2)	14 (30.5)	2 (13.3)
	Worse	3 (4.9)	3 (6.5)	0 (0.0)
Laboratory findings, n (%)1
	Normal	18 (29.5)	13 (28.3)	5 (33.3)	0.751
	With abnormal value	43 (70.5)	33 (71.7)	10 (66.7)
Treatments, n (%)
	Non-invasive	33 (54.1)	29 (63.0)	4 (53.3)	0.02
	Invasive	28 (45.9)	17 (27.0)	11 (46.7)
Severity, n (%)
	Mild	44 (72.1)	38 (82.6)	6 (40.0)	0.003
	Severe	17 (27.9)	8 (17.4)	9 (60.0)

¹Detailed laboratory findings are listed in Table 2. CT: Computed tomography.

Table 2 Laboratory findings in patients diagnosed with or without diabetes (n = 61)

		Total	Diabetes		P value
			No	Yes
Sample, n (%)		61 (100)	46 (75.4)	15 (24.6)
Routine blood parameters, n (%)
	Normal	54 (88.5)	42 (91.3)	12 (80.0)	0.399
	Hemoglobin	1 (1.6)	0 (0.0)	1 (6.7)
	Neutrophil%	3 (4.9)	2 (4.3)	1 (6.7)
	Lymphocytes count	3 (4.9)	2 (4.3)	1 (6.7)
	Platelets count	2 (3.3)	2 (4.3)	0 (0.0)
CRP, n (%)
	Normal	49 (80.3)	37 (80.4)	12 (80.0)	1
	Abnormal	12 (19.7)	9 (19.6)	3 (20.0)
ESR, n (%)
	Normal	54 (88.5)	39 (84.8)	15 (100.0)	0.178
	Abnormal	7 (11.5)	7 (15.2)	0 (0.0)
Hepatic dysfunction, n (%)
	No	35 (57.4)	29 (63.0)	6 (40.0)
	Yes	26 (42.6)	17 (37.0)	9 (60.0)	0.142
	ALT or AST (%)
	Normal	43 (70.5)	34 (73.9)	9 (60.0)	0.34
	Abnormal	18 (29.5)	12 (26.1)	6 (40.0)
	Bilirubin (%)
	Normal	53 (86.9)	39 (84.8)	14 (93.3)	0.666
	Abnormal	8 (13.1)	7 (15.2)	1 (6.7)
	Albumin (%)
	Normal	57 (93.4)	45 (97.8)	12 (80.0)	0.043
	Abnormal	4 (6.6)	1 (2.2)	3 (20.0)
Other (%)
	Normal	57 (93.4)	43 (93.4)	14 (93.3)	0.687
	Abnormal	4 (6.6)	3 (6.6)	1 (6.7)

The normal ranges of WBC, hemoglobin, neutrophil%, lymphocytes count, and platelets count are 3.5-9.5 × 10⁹ cells/L, 120-160 g/L, 43-76, 0.8-4.0 × 10⁹ cells/L, and 125-325 × 10⁹ cells/L, respectively. The normal ranges of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, C reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, bilirubin, and albumin were defined as 8-40 U/L, 5-35 U/L, 0-5.0 mg/L, 0-18 mm/h, 3.4-17.1 μmol/L, and 35-55 g/L, respectively. CRP: C reactive protein; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase.

Table 3 Logistic regression of multiple variables on patients’ severity (n = 61)

	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	ORs	95%CI	P value	ORs	95%CI	P value
Age (> 65 vs ≤ 65)	1.29	(0.39, 4.67)	0.686
Sex (female vs male)	1.48	(0.48, 4.65)	0.494
Diabetes	7.13	(2.03, 27.32)	0.003	6.29	(1.48, 31.34)	0.016
Hypertension	3.41	(1.08, 11.35)	0.039	1.63	(0.38, 6.87)	0.504
Heart diseases	4.21	(0.83, 23.79)	0.083	2.94	(0.42, 21.78)	0.271
Hepatic dysfunction	7.69	(2.27, 33.33)	0.002	5.88	(1.45, 33.33)	0.018
Mild-nonelung involvement	0.37	(0.11, 1.18)	0.093	0.41	(0.09, 1.78)	0.239

Only variables with P < 0.1 in univariate logistic regression were analyzed in multivariate analysis. OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: Two tailed 95% confident interval.

Table 4 Summary of capillary blood glucose in diabetic patients (n = 61)

Tests, n	Time	Tests, n	Status	Tests, n (%)
614	Preprandial	133	Normal	82 (61.7)
			Abnormal	51 (38.3)
	Postprandial	481	Normal	160 (33.3)
			Abnormal	312 (66.7)