Correlating the global increase in type 1 diabetes incidence across age groups with national economic prosperity: A systematic review

doi:10.4239/wjd.v10.i12.560

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World Journal of Diabetes

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World J Diabetes. Dec 15, 2019; 10(12): 560-580
Published online Dec 15, 2019. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v10.i12.560

Table 1 Incidence of type 1 diabetes in individuals aged 0-14 years

Country	Area	Study period	Inc	Asce %	InfoSource	Datacollection	Ref.
Algeria
	Oran	1990-1999	8.60	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Argentina
	Cordoba	1991-1992	7.00	90.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Avellaneda	1990-1996	6.30	94.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Tierra del Fuego	1993-1996	10.30	100.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Corrientes	1992-1999	6.60	95.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Australia
	NW^a	2000-2011	23.6	97	PBDR	H	Hayne et al[18]
Austria
	NW	2004-2008	17.50	97.2	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Bahamas
	NW	2001-2002	10.10	NA	MBR	P	Peter et al[20]
Barbados
	NW	1990-1993	2.00	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Belarus
	Gomel, Minsk	1997-2002	5.60	100.0	PBDR	NA	Zalutskaya et al[21]
Belgium
	Antwerp	2004-2008	15.90	94.9	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Bosnia and Herzegovina
	Tuzla Canton	1995-2004	6.93	100.0	PBDR	P	Tahirović et al[22]
	Republic of Srpska	1998-2010	8.13	100.0	PBDR	P	Radosevic et al[23]
Brazil
	São Paulo^a (Bauru)	1986-2015	12.8	97.7	PBDR	P	Negrato et al[24]
	Rio Grande do Sul (Passo Fundo)	1996-1999	7.00	82.5	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Bulgaria
	Eastern	1989-1994	6.80	99.9	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[7]
	Varna	1990-1999	8.10	100.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Western	1990-1999	10.70	99.5	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Canada
	Toronto	1976-1978	9.00	97.2	PBDR	P, H	Ehrlich et al[25]
	Manitoba	1985-1993	20.65	95.0	PBDR	P	Blanchard et al[26]
	Prince Edward Island	1990-1993	24.50	100.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Alberta (Edmonton)	1990-1996	23.30	85.5	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Calgary	1990-1999	20.60	100.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Québec	1989-2000	15.34	NA	PBDR	P	Legault et al[27]
	Newfoundland and Labrador	1987-2010	38.68	NA	PBDR	P, H	Newhook et al[28]
Chile
	IX Region	1980-1993	1.37	97.0	PBDR	P	Larenas et al[29]
	Santiago of Chile (Communes of Metropolitan region)	2000-2005	6.30	100.0	PBDR	P	Torres-Avilés et al[30]
China
	NW	1988-1994	0.47	93.0	PBDR	P, H	Yang et al[31]
	Zhejiang^a	2007-2013	2.02	94,6	PBDR	H	Wu et al[32]
	Beijing^a	1995-2010	1.7	NA	PBDR	H	Gong et al[33]
	Shanghai^a	1997-2011	3.1	90	PBDR	H	Zhao et al[34]
Colombia
	Bogotá	1990-1990	3.80	97.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Cali	1995-1999	0.50	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Croatia
	NW^a	2004-2012	17.2	96.69	PBDR	H	Rojnic Putarek et al[35]
Cuba
	NW	1990-1999	2.30	62.5	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Cyprus
	NW	1990-2009	12.34	50.0	PBDR	NA	Skordis et al[36]
Czech Republic
	NW	2004-2008	19.30	97.4	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Dem. People's Republic of Korea
	NW^a	2012-2014	3.1	NA	PBDR	P or H	Kim et al[37]
Denmark
	NW	2004-2008	25.10	99.2	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Dominican Republic
	NW	1995-1999	0.50	53.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Egypt
	Alexandria, Damanhour	1992-1992	8.00	NA	OPD	NA	Arab et al[38]
	Northern^a	1996-2011	1.93	NA	MBR	H	El-Ziny et al[39]
Estonia
	NW	1983-2006	13.09	98.0	PBDR	P, H	Teeäär et al[40]
Ethiopia
	Gondar	1995-2008	0.33	NA	MBR	P	Alemu S et al[41]
	Jimma	2002-2008	0.33	NA	MBR	P	Alemu S et al[41]
Fiji
	NW^a	2001-2012	0.93	NA	PBDR	H	Ogle et al[42]
Finland
	NW	2006-2011	62.42	NS	OPD	NA	Harjutsalo et al[43]
France
	Franche-Comté	1980-1998	7.01	80.6	PBDR	H	Mauny et al[44]
	Aquitanie, Lorraine, Normandia Basse, Normandia Haut	1990-1994	8.50	97.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Aquitaine	1998-2004	12.20	NA	OPD	NA	Barat et al[45]
	Languedoc-Roussillon^a	2000-2010	16.2	NA	PBDR	NA	Trellu et al[46]
Georgia
	NW	1998-1999	4.60	NA	OPD	NA	Arab et al[38]
Germany
	NW^a	2004-2008	22.9	97	PBDR	H	Bendas et al[47]
Greece
	NW	1992-1992	6.03	NA	PBDR	P	Dacou-Voutetakis et al[48]
Hungary
	18 of 19 countries (All, less Budapest)	2004-2008	18.30	98.7	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Iceland
	NW	1989-1994	13.50	100.0	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[7]
India
	Madras	1991-1994	11.00	90.0	PBDR	H	Ramachandran et al[49]
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
	Fars	1991-1996	3.68	100.0	PBDR	P	Pishdad[50]
Ireland
	NW^a	2008-2013	28.3	96,8	PBDR	P	Roche et al[51]
Israel
	NW^a: Population: Arabs	2004-2010	9.14	NA	PBDR	P	Blumenfeld et al[52]
	NW^a: Population: Jews	2004-2010	13	NA	PBDR	P	Blumenfeld et al[52]
Italy
	Apulia^a	2001-2013	17.99	NA	PBDR	P	Di Ciaula[53]
	Friuli-Venezia Giulia^a	2010-2013	17.55	NA	MBR	H	Valent et al[54]
	Abruzzo^a	1999-2008	14.30	95	PBDR	H	Altobelli et al[55]
	Veneto^a	2006-2013	17.00	NA	PBDR	H	Marigliano et al[56]
	NW-39.7% population	1990-2003	12.55	NA	PBDR	P	Bruno et al[57]
Japan
	NW^a	2005-2012	2.14	NA	PBDR	H	Onda et al[58]
Jordan
	NW	1992-1996	3.33	95.0	NS	P, H	Ajlouni et al[59]
Kuwait
	NW^a	2011-2013	41.7	96.7	PBDR	H	Shaltout et al[60]
Latvia
	NW	1990-1999	7.40	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
	Benghazi	1991-1999	9.00	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Lithuania
	NW	2004-2008	14.20	NA	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Luxembourg
	NW	2004-2008	19.00	100.0	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Malta
	NW	2006-2010	23.87	100.0	PBDR	P	Formosa et al[61]
Mauritius
	NW	1990-1994	1.30	67.5	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Mexico
	NW	2000-2010	5.93	NA	PBDR	H	Gómez-Díaz et al[62]
Montenegro
	NW^a	1997-2011	18.6	100	PBDR	H	Samardžić et al[63]
Netherlands
	NW^a	1999-2011	25.2	NA	PBDR	H	Fazeli et al[64]
New Zealand
	NW	1999-2000	18.00	95.0	PBDR	NA	Campbell-Stokes et al[65]
Norway
	NW^a	2004-2012	32.7	NA	PBDR	H	Skrivarhaug et al[66]
Oman
	NW	1993-1995	2.59	96.0	PBDR	P	Soliman et al[67]
Pakistan
	Karachi	1990-1999	0.50	51.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Papua New Guinea
	NW	1996-2000	0.08	NA	MBR	P	Ogle et al[68]
Paraguay
	NW	1990-1999	0.90	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Peru
	Lima	1990-1994	0.50	67.5	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Poland
	NW	1989-2004	11.23	NA	PBDR	P	Jarosz-Chobot et al[69]
	Krakow and the Lesser Poland^a	2004-2011	15.87	NA	PBDR	H	Wojcik et al[70]
	Podlasie, Silesia, Łódzkie, Pomorskie, Bydgoszcz^a	2005-2012	20.22	NA	PBDR	H	Chobot et al[71]
Portugal
	Algarve	1990-1994	14.60	87.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Portoalegre	1990-1994	21.30	93.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Coimbra	1990-1999	9.60	100.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Madeira Island	1990-1999	6.90	100.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Qatar
	NW	1992-1996	11.40	NA	OPD	NA	Al-Zyoud et al[72]
Republic of China (Taiwan)
	NW^a	2003-2010	5.45	NA	PBDR	H	Lin et al[73]
Romania
	NW^a	2002-2011	9.6	96,2	PBDR	H	Serban et al[74]
Russian Federation
	Novosibirsk	1990-1999	6.90	93.5	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Moscow	1996-2005	12.07	94.0	PBDR	P	Pronina et al[75]
Rwanda
	capital and 6 regions^a	2004-2011	2.7	NA	MBR	H	Marshal et al[76]
Saudi Arabia
	Eastern Province	1986-1997	12.30	100.0	PBDR	NA	Kulaylat et al[77]
	Al-Madinah (North West)	2004-2009	30.88	NA	PBDR	P	Habeb et al[78]
Serbia
	Belgrade	2000-2004	12.90	NA	OPD	NA	Vlajinac et al[79]
Singapore
	NW	1992-1994	2.42	92.2	PBDR	P	Lee et al[80]
Slovakia
	NW	1999-2003	13.60	100.0	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Slovenia
	NW	1998-2010	13.83	100.0	PBDR	P	Radosevic et al[23]
Spain
	Madrid	1985-1988	10.60	90.0	PBDR	H	Serrano Ríos et al[81]
	Cáceres	1988-1999	16.67	99.2	PBDR	H	Lora-Gómez et al[82]
	Badajoz	1992-1996	17.23	95.0	PBDR	P	Morales-Pérez et al[83]
	Navarre^a	1975-2011	13.2	NA	PBDR	H	Forga et al[84]
	Catalonia	2004-2008	12.10	97.6	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
	Castilla y León^a	2000-2013	10.8	NA	PBDR	H	Vega et al[85]
	Biscay^a	1990-2013	10.7	99,1	PBDR	H or P	Fernández-Ramos et al[86]
Sudan
	Gezira	1990-1990	5.00	100.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Khartoum	1991-1995	10.10	97.0	PBDR	NA	Elamin et al[87]
Sweden
	NW^a	2007-2011	42	99	PBDR	N	Rawshani et al[88]
Switzerland
	NW	2004-2008	13.10	91.3	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
TFYR Macedonia
	NW	2004-2008	5.80	100.0	PBDR	P	Patterson et al[19]
Thailand
	North-eastern	1996-2005	0.58	NA	MBR	H	Panamonta et al[89]
Tunisia
	Beja, Monastir, Gafsa	1990-1994	6.69	96.0	PBDR	P	Ben Khalifa et al[90]
	Kairoan	1991-1993	7.60	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Beja	1990-1999	7.70	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Gafsa	1990-1999	8.50	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
	Monastir	1990-1999	5.80	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Turkey
	NW^a	2011-2013	10.8	99	PBDR	H	Yeşilkaya et al[91]
Ukraine
	NW	1985-1992	8.10	NA	OPD	NA	Timchenko et al[92]
United Kingdom
	NW	1991-2008	19.32	NA	PBDR	P	Imkampe et al[93]
United Republic of Tanzania
	Dar es Salaam	1982-1991	0.92	NA	MBR	P	Swai et al[94]
United States of America
	Olmsted, Minnesota^a	1994-2010	19.9	NA	MBR	H	Cartee et al[95]
	Five areas^a	2002-2013	19.5	98,9	PBDR	H	Mayer-Davis et al[96]
Uruguay
	Montevideo	1992-1992	8.30	97.0	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]
Uzbekistan
	NW^a	1998-2014	2.48	100	PBDR	H	Rakhimova et al[97]
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
	Caracas	1990-1994	0.10	NA	PBDR	P or H	DIAMOND et al[6]

Update of the publications that report the incidence of type 1 diabetes from population-based studies.

^aUpdated studies. Area and NW: Study at the national level. ASCE%: Percentage of completeness between primary and secondary sources of registers. PBDR: Registration of population-based data; MBR: Medical-based record; OPD: Other population denominators; NS: Non-specified; P: Prospective -incident cases collected prospectively-; H: Historical -incident cases collected retrospectively-; NA: Information not available.

Table 2 Summary values for the comparison of the incidence of type 1 diabetes for countries with nationwide data by age category in the periods analysed in the study

	0-4 yr		5-9 yr		10-14 yr
Period	1975-1999	2000-2017	1975-1999	2000-2017	1975-1999	2000-2017
Mean	6.68	12.59	11.92	21.99	14.04	19.54
95%CI	(4.49, 8.87)	(9.23, 15.96)	(7.95, 15.96)	(14.80, 29.18)	(9.72, 18.38)	(15.09, 23.99)
T student	-6.31		-4.58		-3.22
P value	0.00002		0.00043		0.006
Ratio periods	1.9		1.8		1.4

CI: Confidence Interval.

Table 3 Models of change in the incidence of type 1 diabetes for 26 countries with nationwide data according to the change in gross domestic product

Model GDP per capita	Coefficient	Est	CI 2.5%	CI 97.5%	SE	t value	P value
Year 1991: Residual standard error: 6.63 Adjusted R²: 0.09509; F-statistic: 3.312 on 1 and 21 DF; P value: 0.08307	Intercept	8.99	4.63	13.36	2.1	4.28	0.0003
	Intercept	8.99	4.63	13.36	2.1	4.28	0.0003
	GDP per capita	0.0002	0.0000	0.0005	0.0001	1.8000	0.0830
Year 2006: Residual standard error: 8.6; Adjusted R²: 0.176; F-statistic: 5.698 on 1 and 21 DF. P value: 0.02647	Intercept	13.5	7.34	19.66	2.96	4.56	0.0002
	GDP per capita	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	2.39	0.0260
	GDP per capita	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	2.39	0.0260

Est: Estimator; CI: Confidence Interval; SE: Standard Error; Df: Degree freedom; GDP: Gross domestic product.

Table 4 Models of change in the incidence of type 1 diabetes for countries with nationwide data according to the change in gross domestic product, excluding Finland and Switzerland

Model GDP per capita	Coefficient	Est.	CI 2.5%	CI 97.5%	SE	t value	P value
Year 1991: standard residual error: 5.08; adjusted R²: 0.44. F statistic: 19.37. 22 DF. P value: 0.0002	Intercept	5.82	2.27	9.36	1.71	3.40	0.002
	GDP Per capita	0.0005	0.0003	0.0008	0.0001	4.1220	0.0002
Year 2006: Standard residual error: 8.08; adjusted R²: 0.22; F statistic: 7.62. 22 DF. P value: 0.01	Intercept	13.57	8.16	18.98	2.61	5.21	0.00003
	GDP Per capita	0.0002	0.00004	0.0003	0.0001	2.76	0.01

Est: Estimator; CI: Confidence Interval; SE: Standard Error; Df: Degree freedom; GDP: Gross domestic product.

Citation: Gomez-Lopera N, Pineda-Trujillo N, Diaz-Valencia PA. Correlating the global increase in type 1 diabetes incidence across age groups with national economic prosperity: A systematic review. World J Diabetes 2019; 10(12): 560-580
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v10/i12/560.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v10.i12.560