Sadashiv, Tiwari S, Paul BN, Kumar S, Chandra A, Dhananjai S, Negi MP. Over expression of resistin in adipose tissue of the obese induces insulin resistance. World J Diabetes 2012; 3(7): 135-141 [PMID: 22816026 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v3.i7.135]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Dr. Sunita Tiwari, Professor, Head, Department of Physiology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India. research.physiology@gmail.com
Article-Type of This Article
Original Article
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Sadashiv, Sunita Tiwari, S Dhananjai, Department of Physiology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
Bhola N Paul, Immunobiology Division, Indian Institute of Toxicological Research, Lucknow 226001, India
Sandeep Kumar, Department of Surgery, CSM Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
Abhijit Chandra, Department of Gastroenterology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India
Mahendra PS Negi, Institute for Data Computing and Training, Lucknow 226021, India
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: Sadashiv performed the experimental works and wrote the manuscript; Tiwari S designed the study and edited the manuscript; Paul BN provided analytical tools; Kumar S and Chandra A provided blood samples and adipose tissues; and Dhananjai S and Negi MPS helped in the statistical analysis.
Supported by Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India and Central Council Research in Yoga and Naturopathy, New Delhi, India, to Sadashiv and Tiwari S
Correspondence to: Dr. Sunita Tiwari, Professor, Head, Department of Physiology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India. research.physiology@gmail.com
Telephone: +91-522-2257542 Fax: +91-522-2257539
Received: April 20, 2012 Revised: May 28, 2012 Accepted: June 10, 2012 Published online: July 15, 2012
Abstract
AIM: To compare resistin mRNA expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and its correlation with insulin resistance (IR) in postmenopausal obese women.
METHODS: A total of 68 postmenopausal women (non obese = 34 and obese = 34) were enrolled for the study. The women of the two groups were age matched (49-70 years). Fasting blood samples were collected at admission and abdominal SAT was obtained during surgery for gall bladder stones or hysterectomy. Physical parameters [age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI)] were measured. Biochemical (plasma insulin and plasma glucose) parameters were estimated by enzymatic methods. RNA was isolated by the Trizol method. SAT resistin mRNA expression was done by real time- reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by using Quanti Tect SYBR Green RT-PCR master mix. Data was analyzed using independent Student’s t test, correlation and simple linear regression analysis.
RESULTS: The mean weight (52.81 ± 8.04 kg vs 79.56 ± 9.91 kg; P < 0.001), BMI (20.23 ± 3.05 kg/m2vs 32.19 ± 4.86 kg/m2; P < 0.001), insulin (8.47 ± 3.24 μU/mL vs 14.67 ± 2.18 μU/mL; P < 0.001), glucose (97.44 ± 11.31 mg/dL vs 109.67 ± 8.02 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and homeostasis model assessment index (2.01 ± 0.73 vs 3.96 ± 0.61; P < 0.001) were significantly higher in postmenopausal obese women compared to postmenopausal non obese women. The mean serum resistin level was also significantly higher in postmenopausal obese women compared to postmenopausal non obese women (9.05 ± 5.15 vs 13.92 ± 6.32, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean SAT resistin mRNA expression was also significantly (0.023 ± 0.008 vs 0.036 ± 0.009; P < 0.001) higher and over expressed 1.62 fold (up-regulated) in postmenopausal obese women compared to postmenopausal non obese women. In postmenopausal obese women, the relative SAT resistin mRNA expression showed positive (direct) and significant correlation with BMI (r = 0.78, P < 0.001) and serum resistin (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the SAT resistin mRNA expression in postmenopausal obese women also showed significant and direct association (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) with IR, while in postmenopausal non obese women it did not show any association (r = -0.04, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Increased SAT resistin mRNA expression probably leads to inducing insulin resistance and thus may be associated with obesity-related disorders in postmenopausal obese women.
Citation: Sadashiv, Tiwari S, Paul BN, Kumar S, Chandra A, Dhananjai S, Negi MP. Over expression of resistin in adipose tissue of the obese induces insulin resistance. World J Diabetes 2012; 3(7): 135-141
Obesity is one of the most common metabolic disorders in developing countries and is characterized by a reduction in insulin sensitivity, both in animal models and in humans[1]. The incidence of obesity worldwide has increased drastically during recent decades. Consequently, obesity and associated disorders now constitute a serious threat to the current and future health of the population. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 1 billion adults worldwide are overweight, 300 million of whom are clinically obese, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30 kg/m2[2]. Obesity is associated with an array of additional health problems, including increased risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, degenerative disorders including dementia, airway disease and some cancers[3]. The molecular mechanisms involved in obesity-related insulin resistance are not yet well understood.
Postmenopausal obese women may be at increased risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) because of the increase in total and central adiposity after menopause transition[4]. The emergence of these risk factors may be a direct result of ovarian failure or alternatively an indirect result of metabolic consequences of central fat redistribution with estrogen deficiency[5]. Adipose tissue is an active metabolic tissue that secretes multiple metabolically important proteins known as “adipokines” (leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and resistin etc.)[6,7]. These adipocyte derived products are presently subject to intensive research concerning their involvement in the regulation of adipose tissue physiology and in particular their potential implication in insulin resistance (IR), obesity and diabetes[8,9].
Plasma concentration of resistin is elevated in obesity compared to a healthy person. In humans and rodents, plasma resistin concentrations are positively correlated with BMI[10]. It is well documented that accumulation of visceral fat is associated with a higher risk for development of obesity-related diseases such as T2D, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and hyperlipidemia[11,12]. However, the role of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) dysregulation could be a potential mechanism but its role in the pathogenesis of MetS has been conflicting[13]. The SAT, which comprises approximately 80% of adipose tissue and the major source of fatty acids for the liver, has metabolically correlated to indices of insulin resistance as well as to visceral adipose tissue (VAT)[14-17].
In addition to intra-abdominal fat, Salmenniemi et al[18] have shown that the amount of SAT in subjects with MetS positively correlates with increasing MetS and negatively correlates with circulating adiponectin levels. Carr et al[19] have also reported that SAT is significantly associated with MetS and increases with increasing number of MetS features, independent of age and sex.
Several studies have shown that both VAT and SAT are associated with adverse cardio metabolic risk factors[20,21]. Regardless of these observations and continuing debate regarding metabolic importance of VAT and SAT, it appears that both contribute significantly to metabolic and cardiovascular risks. However, due to higher mass of SAT than VAT, it may affect metabolic factors more significantly[22] and thus may have more clinical importance. Furthermore, subcutaneous adipocytes are larger than omental, have higher lipoprotein lipase activity and are more lipolytic on an absolute basis, which reflect a higher fat storage capacity in this depot, especially in women[23].
Recently, a significant link between SAT and dyslipidemia in patients with T2D was reported[24]. Visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes have different capacities to produce hormones and enzymes with variation in mRNA expressions of adipokines (resistin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-6 etc.) from various depots of adipose tissue[25].
In an animal study, expression of resistin in subcutaneous adipose tissue was controversial[26]. In humans, data on resistin is conflicting. Some authors have shown that it is elevated in individuals with obesity and diabetes[27-29], whereas others have shown that it is not elevated[30-32]. A recent study reported that human resistin induced insulin resistance and Metformin reversed the effect of resistin in hepatocytes[33]. Taken together, these studies suggest that the depot-specific expression of resistin at the mRNA level could be relevant to insulin sensitivity.
The literature regarding the SAT resistin expression in Asian populations, especially Indians, is lacking. Thus, with best our knowledge, the present study was undertaken with the objective to investigate SAT resistin mRNA expression in postmenopausal Indian women and its association with insulin resistance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
A total of 68 postmenopausal (non obese = 34 and obese = 34) age matched (49-70 years) women were recruited at CSM Medical University, Lucknow, India who underwent elective abdominal surgery for gall bladder stones or hysterectomy. Respective abdominal SAT was obtained during the surgery. During surgery, no specific standard diet and hormonal therapy were given to the patients, which ensured and ruled out the effect of hormones or diet on fat deposition. All tissue samples were stored in RNAlatar (Sigma-Aldrich) for RNA extraction. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Subjects were classified as obese according to BMI > 25 kg/m2, as per WHO’s guideline for Asians[34], and BMI < 25 kg/m2 as non obese served as control. Informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Biochemical estimation
Blood samples were taken the morning after their admission to the hospital for surgery. Plasma insulin concentrations were determined using immune radiometric assay (immunotech). Plasma glucose concentrations were determined by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method (Merck) using semi automated glucose analyzer (Microlab 300, Merck). Serum resistin level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Quantikine Human Resistin Version 16 190607 15, Biovendor).
Calculation: Insulin resistance
Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), an index of IR[35] based on plasma levels of fasting glucose and insulin, has been widely applied for quantifying insulin resistance and β-cell function in an Asian population was evaluated as [HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (μU/mL) × fasting glucose (mmol/L)/22.5].
RNA extraction
Total RNA was isolated using Tri-Reagent (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). RNA was measured spectrophotometrically at 260 and 280 nm, while RNA integrity was checked by visual inspection of the two ribosomal RNAs 18S and 28S on agarose gel.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction measurement of resistin mRNA
One-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out using Quanti Tect SYBR Green RT-PCR master mix kit (Qiagen). PCR amplification was carried out in Light Cycler 480 (Roche, real time thermal cycler). Ninety-six well PCR plate using following temperature profile of 50 °C, 30 min, (Reverse transcription) 95 °C, 15 min, (initial denaturation) followed by 40 cycles of 94 °C, 15 s, 59 °C, 30 s and 72 °C, 30 s for denaturation, annealing and extension steps respectively. Primer sequence of human resistin was 5’-GCTGTTGGTGTCTAGCAAGAC-3’ (forward) 5’-CATCATCATCATCATCTCCAG-3’ (reverse). The following primer sequence of β-actin as internal control with following sequence was 5’-GTGGCATCCACGAAACTACCTT-3’ (forward) and 5’-GGACTCCTGATACTCCTGCTTG-3’ (reverse). The PCR primers were synthesized by Agile Life Science Technologies India. Expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase or β-actin was used to normalize resistin expression values. There was no difference in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase or β-actin expression between adipocytes from non obese and obese subjects or between the omental and subcutaneous depots.
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters and SAT resistin mRNA expression of the two independent groups were compared by Student’s t test. Correlation and simple linear regression analysis was done to assess association of resistin SAT mRNA expressions with BMI and HOMA index, considering BMI and HOMA index an independent variable and SAT resistin mRNA expression, the dependent variable. A two-sided (α = 2) conventional P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
Basic characteristics
The basic characteristics viz. physical (age, weight, height and BMI) and biochemical parameters (insulin, glucose and HOMA index) of the two groups are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 shows that the mean weight, BMI, insulin, glucose and HOMA index were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the obese compared to non obese. However, the age and height were found to be similar (P > 0.05) between the two groups, indicating the subjects of two groups were age matched.
Table 1 Physical and biochemical parameters summary (mean ± SD) of two groups (n = 34).
Variables
Non obese
Obese
P value
Age (yr)
54.94 ± 6.87
54.06 ± 6.71
0.594
Weight (kg)
52.81 ± 8.04
79.56 ± 9.91
< 0.001
Height (cm)
161.76 ± 8.17
157.74 ± 9.09
0.059
BMI (kg/m2)
20.23 ± 3.05
32.19 ± 4.86
< 0.001
Insulin (µU/mL)
8.47 ± 3.24
14.67 ± 2.18
< 0.001
Glucose (mg/dL)
97.44 ± 11.31
109.67 ± 8.02
< 0.001
HOMA
2.01 ± 0.73
3.96 ± 0.61
< 0.001
Resistin mRNA expression in SAT
The SAT resistin mRNA expression of non obese and obese is summarized graphically in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows that the mean SAT resistin mRNA expression of obese was significantly higher compared to non obese (0.023 ± 0.008 vs 0.036 ± 0.009, P < 0.001). The relative mean SAT resistin mRNA expression up regulated 1.62 fold (56.1%) in the obese than non obese. Furthermore, mean serum resistin level were also significantly higher in obese compared to non obese (9.05 ± 5.15 vs 13.92 ± 6.32, P < 0.001) (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Mean serum resistin levels (ng/mL) of two groups.aP < 0.001 vs non obese (by Student’s t test).
Correlations of resistin mRNA expression with BMI, serum resistin and insulin resistance
The association of relative SAT resistin mRNA expression of obese women with their respective BMI, serum resistin and insulin resistance (HOMA) are shown graphically in Figure 3. Figure 3 shows that the relative SAT resistin mRNA expression positively (directly) and significantly correlated with BMI (r = 0.78, P < 0.001), HOMA (r = 0.45, P < 0.01) and serum resistin (r = 0.76, P < 0.001).
Figure 3 Correlation and simple linear regression of subcutaneous adipose tissue resistin mRNA expression with body mass index (A), homeostasis model assessment index (B) and serum resistin levels (C) in postmenopausal obese women.
HOMA: Homeostasis model assessment; BMI: Body mass index.
DISCUSSION
The physiological functions of resistin in humans have been mostly investigated at the levels of DNA polymorphisms and plasma proteins[36,37]. However, only a few studies have tried to relate the resistin mRNA levels to some physiological functions, such as obesity, diabetes and insulin sensitivity[29,38]. Furthermore, most of the mRNA studies consist of small sample sizes with controversial findings. Although the limitation of sample size prevented these mRNA reports from more comprehensive analyses compared with those studies using plasma resistin, the value of these studies should not be overlooked.
The literature regarding SAT resistin mRNA expression in Asians, especially Indians, is lacking. With the best of our knowledge, for the first time, the present study evaluates SAT resistin mRNA expression in postmenopausal Indian women and its association with insulin resistance. In the present study, we found significantly higher SAT resistin mRNA expression in the obese compared to non obese. Our finding is in contrast with Baranova et al[39] who reported no difference in SAT resistin mRNA expression in the obese with and without insulin resistance. However, a few reports show decreased mRNA and protein expression in isolated subcutaneous and omental adipocytes[40,41].
Findings of resistin gene expression in humans are controversial. Some reports have shown mRNA or protein expression in human adipose tissue, while others have reported the absence/poor mRNA expression in this tissue[42,43]. Our findings corroborate with a cohort study by Smith et al[37] who reported higher expression in obese women. Moreover, a recent report showed higher resistin mRNA expression of both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues in obese than non obese women[25].
It was also shown that serum resistin had significant effects on insulin action, potentially linking obesity with IR[44]. Previous studies examined showed that serum resistin concentrations are raised in high-fat-induced obese and obese mice models[45]. It is well documented that administration of anti resistin antibody improves insulin action and glucose metabolism in mice with diet-induced obesity, suggesting a role for resistin in the development of insulin resistance[45]. In addition, a recent study showed that administration of recombinant resistin causes insulin resistance in mice[46]. It is also well documented that resistin decreases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the inhibitory effect is prevented by anti resistin antibody[45]. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that resistin may be a link between obesity and its associated risks.
In the present study, we also determined the level of serum resistin in obese and non obese postmenopausal women. Serum resistin was significantly higher in the obese than non obese. Our finding is in accordance with Degawan et al[29] who reported significantly higher resistin protein in the serum of obese than non obese. However, several studies showed that serum resistin level do not correlate well with markers of adiposity[8,31]. Savage et al[40] also reported no correlation between insulin resistance and resistin gene expression in whole abdominal adipose tissue. In contrast, we found positive and significant correlation of SAT resistin mRNA expression with BMI, HOMA and serum resistin levels in obese women. The finding is consistent with a recent finding which showed a strong correlation between serum resistin and resistin mRNA expression of abdominal SAT in the obese[30]. However, Yang et al[38] reported that resistin was undetectable in SAT and unrelated to insulin resistance. One study[29] reported higher SAT resistin expression in the obese and positive association with BMI but not related to insulin resistance. We hypothesized that the conflicting results regarding SAT resistin mRNA expression in humans may be due to race differences and environmental conditions.
In conclusion, we found higher and significant positive correlation of SAT resistin mRNA expression with serum resistin, BMI and insulin resistance (HOMA index), suggesting its potential role in development of insulin resistance and thus associated with obesity-related disorders. The findings of this study may have clinical implications but may be validated further on varied populations with large sample sizes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Dr. Shailendra Kumar Yadav and Dr. Surendra Kumar for assistance with subject recruitment and the staff of Arushi Hospital, Lucknow. We also thank the patients who participated in the study and donated their valuable adipose tissue.
COMMENTS
Background
The incidence of obesity has dramatically increased in recent years. Consequently, disturbances in secretion of resistin caused by obesity have an influence on the development of metabolic complications. It regulates insulin sensitivity but the role of resistin in insulin sensitivity is not yet determined. Many studies have reported that resistin decreases insulin sensitivity in rat models but it is unclear in humans. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) resistin mRNA expression with body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and serum resistin in obese postmenopausal Indian women.
Research frontiers
Adipose tissue produces resistin which may play an influential role in energy homeostasis, triglyceride storage and mobilization of fat with increased adiposity, specifically central adiposity. Furthermore, it seems apparent that the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus is mediated through the concurrent progression of insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation. The molecular mechanisms for this are less understood. The research hotspot is to establish the relevance of resistin to human diabetes, particularly its effects on the central nervous system and β-cell function.
Innovations and breakthroughs
Previous reports suggested that resistin secreted by visceral adipose tissue is responsible for development of obesity-related problems but we cannot ignore the role of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Most studies have been done in cultured cells but lack fresh adipose tissue. Furthermore, the literature regarding SAT resistin mRNA expression in Asians, especially Indians, is lacking. Our results showed a direct association of SAT resistin mRNA expression with BMI, HOMA and serum resistin levels in postmenopausal obese women.
Applications
The study suggests that resistin secreted by adipose tissue may be responsible for insulin resistance. Selective manipulation of adipocyte hormones offers a dimension to treat insulin resistance.
Terminology
Resistin is a member of a class of cysteine-rich proteins collectively termed resistin-like molecules. Subcutaneous adipose tissue: Most of the remaining non visceral fat is found just below the skin in a region called the hypodermis.
Peer review
The paper investigates SAT resistin mRNA expression in postmenopausal Indian women and its association with insulin resistance. It is well and clearly written.
Footnotes
Peer reviewer: Rajagopalan Sriraman, BSc, MD, MRCP, PhD, FRCP, Lincoln County Hospital, Greetwell Road, Lincoln LN2 5QY, United Kingdom
S- Editor Wu X L- Editor Roemmele A E- Editor Wu X
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