Diabetes mellitus type 2 as an underlying, comorbid or consequent state of mental disorders

Figure 1 The bidirectional link between mental disorders and diabetes mellitus type 2. In the co-occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and mental disorders possible biological, psychological, and social factors should be considered. Various factors in intrauterine development and later life could exert their impact. Consequences are inflammatory and immune disturbances, oxidative stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, gut-brain and brain-fat axis dysregulation, a complete presentation of metabolic syndrome, consequent endothelial dysfunction, etc. Individual behavioural and lifestyle patterns and applied treatment are of great importance in the onset of both entities. HPA: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal.