Role of bisphosphonates in the management of acute Charcot foot

Figure 1 Pathogenesis leading to acute Charcot foot. AGE: Advanced glycation end products; RAGE: Receptor of AGE; PKC: Protein kinase C; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; LOPS: Loss of pain sensation; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NO: Nitric oxide; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TCC: Total contact cast; CGRP: Calcitonin gene related peptide; NF-κβ: Nuclear factor κβ; RANKL: Receptor activator of NF-κβ ligand; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; BP: Bisphosphonates; PTH: Parathyroid hormone.

Figure 2 Molecular mechanisms of bisphosphonates. NN-BP: Non-nitrogen containing bisphosphonates; N-BP: Nitrogen containing bisphosphonates; FPP: Farnesyl pyrophosphate; IPP: Isopentenyl diphosphonate; ApppI: Triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5’-yl ester 3-[3-methylbut-3-enyl]ester.