Coagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors ameliorates kidney injury in murine models of obesity and diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 Plasma biochemical change after coagonist treatment in streptozotocin-high-fat and db/db mice. A: Body weight; B: Fasting glucose; C: HbA1c; D: Fasting insulin; E: OGTT; F: ITT; G: Plasma triglycerides; H: Plasma cholesterol; I: Plasma FGF21; J: Plasma adiponectin; K: Plasma IL-6; L: Plasma TNF-α. Results are shown as mean ± SE (n = 10) for each group and P < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. HFSTZ: Streptozotocin-high-fat; IPGTT: Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; ITT: Insulin tolerance test; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis alfa.

Figure 2 Renal function after coagonist treatment in streptozotocin-high-fat and db/db mice. A: BUN; B: Creatinine; C: Urinary albumin excretion; D: Renal triglyceride; E: Renal cholesterol; F: Renal SOD; G: Renal CAT; H: Renal TBARS. Results are shown as mean ± SE (n = 10) for each group and P < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. HFSTZ: Streptozotocin-high-fat; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; CAT: Catalase; TBARS: Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.

Figure 3 Renal gene expression (relative to β-actin) after coagonist treatment in streptozotocin-high-fat and db/db mice. A: SREBP-1; B: FAS; C: SCD-1; D: CPT-1; E: PPAR-α; F: MMP-9; G: TNF-α; H: MCP-1; I: TGF-β; J: COL1A1; K: α-SMA. Results are shown as mean ± SE (n = 10) for each group and P < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. HFSTZ: Streptozotocin-high-fat; SREBP-1: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; FAS: Fatty acid synthase; SCD-1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1; CPT1: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; PPAR-α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; MPP-9: Matrix metallopeptidase 9; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; COL1A1: Collagen type I: alpha 1 chain; α-SMA: Alfa-smooth muscle actin.

Figure 4 Histology changes in kidney after coagonist treatment in streptozotocin-high-fat and db/db mice. A: Representative photomicrographs of H and E stain, Masson’s trichome stain, and PAS stain; B: Glomerular surface area; C: Tubulointerstitial fibrosis index; D: Glomerulosclerotic index. All stain magnification: × 400. HFSTZ: Streptozotocin-high-fat; H and E: Haemotoxylin and Eosin; PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff.

Figure 5 Effect of coagonist of glucagon-like peptide receptor and glucagon receptors on diabetic nephropathy. FAS: Fatty acid synthase; SCD-1: Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.