Smoking in diabetic nephropathy: sparks in the fuel tank?

Figure 1 Possible mechanism involved in smoking-induced oxidative stress. TGF-β: Transforming growth factor β; PKC: Protein kinase C; eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; SREBP: Sterol regulating element binding protein; VED: Vascular endothelial dysfunction.

Figure 2 Possible mechanisms involved in smoking-induced dyslipidemia. eNOS: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; SREBP: Sterol regulating element binding protein; VED: Vascular endothelial dysfunction; LDL: Low density lipoprotein; VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein; HDL: High density lipoprotein; LPL: Lipoprotein lipase.

Figure 3 Various endogenous modulators contribute to renal complications. AGEs: Advance glycation end products; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GLUT: Glucose transporters; PKC: Protein kinase C; NADPH oxidase: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase.