Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 on glycemic control and gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes

Figure 1 Study flow diagram.

Figure 2 Bacterial species detected between the LRa05 and placebo groups. OTU: Operational taxonomic units.

Figure 3 Alpha diversity indices (Chao1, Ace, Shannon, Simpson) for both groups preintervention and postintervention. A: Chao1; B: Ace; C: Shannon; D: Simpson.

Figure 4 Principal coordinate analysis plot illustrating beta diversity of gut microbiota composition. A: Relative abundance of Bacillota across treatment groups; B: Relative abundance of Bacteroidota across treatment groups; C: Relative abundance of Pseudomonadota across treatment groups; D: Relative abundance of Actinomycetota across treatment groups; E: Overall relative abundance of bacterial phyla across treatment groups.

Figure 5 Changes in gut microbiota composition and relative abundance of dominant phyla before and after the intervention. PCoA: Principal coordinate analysis.

Figure 6 Changes in the abundance of specific genera in the LRa05 and placebo groups. A: Relative abundance of Ruthonibacterium across Placebo_B and LRa05_B groups; B: Relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, and Butyricimomas across Placebo_A and Placebo_B groups; C: Relative abundance of various bacterial taxa across LRa05_A and LRa05_B groups.

Figure 7 Correlation coefficients for bacterial abundances before and after treatment in both groups. A: Placebo group gut microbiota Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, Mantel r = 0.176, P = 0.001; B: LRa05 group gut microbiota Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, Mantel r = 0.247, P = 0.001.